1. PROTEIN ANALYSIS OF BODY FLUIDS

2. Protein Contant 50 - 55 % Carbon 6 - 8 % Hydrogen 20 - 23 % Oxygen 15 - 18 % Nitrogen

3. Kjeldahl Technique (Analysis for Nitrogen Content) Protein precipitates upon the addition of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) pH < 7, heat protein nitrogen ammonium ions pH > 7 acid titration by NaOH NH3

4. 100 protein = * N = 6.25 * N 16

5. Turbidometric Methods Often used for a similar concenteration range in CSF or urine protein precipitates upon the addition of TCA, sulfosalicilic acid or acetic acid these techniques are not specific to protein since other acid - insoluble substances such as nucleic acid also percipitate

6. Colorimetric Techniques Highly specific for proteins and peptids Biuret Method Folin - Ciocalteu (phosphotungastomolybdic acid) Lowry (Biuret + Folin) Bradford Method (coomassie brilliant blue G - 250)

7. Biuret Method NH 2 - CO - NH - CO - NH 2 copper salts in alkaline solution form a purple complex with substances contain two or more peptide bonds Biuret reagent is Cu ++ in alkaline solution

8. Biuret assay This assay is based on Cu 2+ interaction with protein In alkaline solution, the copper ions form tetradentate complexes with opposite pairs of peptide bonded nitrogens These complexes produce a blue color that can be measured at 550 nm The reaction is dependent on in part on peptide bonds and not solely on amino acid moieties.

9. Biuret Method Cupric ions react with peptide bonds under alkaline conditions producing a violet- purplish color (copper sulfate + K- Na-tartrate + NaOH) Measure color in SPEC at 540 nm

10. The drawbacks of Biuret assay Lacks sensitivity It requires a relatively large sample size Because large amounts of material are not always available, the Lowery assay, which uses the Folin reagent to increase sensitivity, was developed.

11. Lowery method This assay is essentially a biuret reaction that incorporates the use of of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent for enhanced color development Its ten times more sensitive than the biuret assay It is believed that the enhancement of the color reaction in the Lowery procedure occurs when the tetradentate copper complexes transfer electrons to the phospho-molybdic/phosphotungstic acid complex (Mo +6 /W +6, Folin phenol reagent) Reduction of the Folin phenol reagent yields a blue color read at 750 nm Range of sensitivity: 5-100  g/ml

12. Lowery method Advantages: –Reliable method for protein quantification –Little variation among different proteins Disadvantages: –Many interfering substances Detergents Carbohydrates Glycerol ….. –Slow reaction rate (time required: 40 min) –Instability of certain reagents Alkaline copper reagents is unstable and requires daily preparation The assay is photosensitive Proteins irreversibly denatured

13. Coomassie dye binding method This method is known as the Bradford method This assay is based on the immediate absorbance shift from 465 nm to 595 nm that occurs when Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 binds to proteins in an acidic solution The dye has been assumed to bind to protein via electrostatic attraction of the dye’s sulfonic acid groups. The Coomassie blue has been shown to interact chiefly with arginine residues, but weakly with histidine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine residues.

14. Advantages: Rapid (10 min) Sensitive ( 25-200  g/ml) Disadvantages: Some variability in response between different purified proteins Proteins used for this assay are irreversibly denatured

15. Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method Proteins react with alkaline copper II to produce copper I. BCA then reacts with copper I to form an intense purple color at 562 nm The macromolecular structure of the protein, the number of peptide bonds and the presence of four amino acids (cysteine, cystine, tryptophan and tyrosine) have been reported to be responsible for color formation

16. Advantages: Single reagent End product is stable Fewer interfering substances than Lowry assay Sensitive Standard assay: 10-1200  g/ml Microassay: 0.5-10  g/ml Disadvantages: Slow reaction time (40 min) Proteins irreversibly denatured

17. Comments Specimen Collection and Storage –Test specimens must be – Nonhemolyzed – Cell-free –Lipemic sera should not be assayed –Test tubes must remain covered Dust and dirt particle contamination –Storage conditions –Use of outdated reagents

18. Techniques of Protein Separation Electrophorasis Chemical Precipitation

19. Serum Electrophorasis on cellulose acetate in pH=8.6 Cathod (-) anode (+) origin globulin albumin

20. Serum Electrophorasis on cellulose acetate in pH=8.6 Cathod (-) anode (+) gamma alpha2 albumin beta alpha1

21. Serum Electrophorasis on cellulose acetate in pH=8.6

22. Chemical Precipitation Sreum proteins have been devised to resolve albumin and the globulins with the addition of sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate or methanol the globulins lend to precipitate, leaving albumin in solution

23. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCES Normal Range : –serum : 6 - 8 g/dL (albumin : 3.5 - 5 g/dL) (globulin : 2.5 - 3.5 g/dL) (Alb/ Glo : 1.3 - 2) –urine : 150 - 200 mg/dL –CSF : 15 - 45 mg/dL

24. Hyperproteinemia Dehydration –diarrhea –vomiting cirrhosis infection tissue necrosis

25. Hypoproteinemia Nephrotic syndrome (incrase amount of protein [>2g/dL] loss by urine) kwashiokor burn hemorrhage

26. proteinuria Orthostatic proteinuria Bence - Jones proteinuria