1. Speciation can occur in two ways: Allopatric Speciation
Fig. 24-5
Speciation can occur in two ways:
Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Fig 24.5 Two main modes of speciation
(a) Allopatric speciation
(b) Sympatric speciation

2. Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation
In allopatric speciation, gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

3. The Process of Allopatric Speciation
The definition of barrier depends on the ability of a population to disperse
Separate populations may evolve independently through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift

4. Fig. 24-6
A. harrisi
A. leucurus
Figure 24.6 Allopatric speciation of antelope squirrels on opposite rims of the Grand Canyon
Allopatric Speciation of antelope squirrels on opposite rims of the Grand Canyon.

5. Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation
In sympatric speciation, speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations

6. Polyploidy
Polyploidy is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division
Polyploidy is much more common in plants than in animals
2n = 6
4n = 12
Failure of cell
division after
chromosome
duplication gives
rise to tetraploid
tissue. 2n
Gametes
produced
are diploid.. 4n
Offspring with
tetraploid
karyotypes may
be viable and
fertile.

7. Allopolyploid
An allopolyploid is a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species
Species A
2n = 6
Normal
gamete
n = 3
Meiotic
error
Species B
2n = 4
Unreduced
with 4
chromosomes
Hybrid
with 7
Viable fertile
hybrid
(allopolyploid)
2n = 10

8. Habitat Differentiation
Sympatric speciation can also result from the appearance of new ecological niches
For example, the North American maggot fly can live on native hawthorn trees as well as more recently introduced apple trees

9. Sexual Selection Sexual selection can drive sympatric speciation
Sexual selection for mates of different colors has likely contributed to the speciation in cichlid fish in Lake Victoria
EXPERIMENT
Normal light
Monochromatic
orange light P.
pundamilia
P. nyererei

10. Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review
In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation restricts gene flow between populations
Reproductive isolation may then arise by natural selection, genetic drift, or sexual selection in the isolated populations
Even if contact is restored between populations, interbreeding is prevented
In sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier isolates a subset of a population without geographic separation from the parent species
Sympatric speciation can result from polyploidy, natural selection, or sexual selection

11. Adaptive Radiations
Adaptive radiation is the evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opportunities

12. Worldwide Adaptive Radiations
Mammals underwent an adaptive radiation after the extinction of terrestrial dinosaurs
The disappearance of dinosaurs (except birds) allowed for the expansion of mammals in diversity and size
Other notable radiations include photosynthetic prokaryotes, large predators in the Cambrian, land plants, insects, and tetrapods

13. Regional Adaptive Radiations
Adaptive radiations can occur when organisms colonize new environments with little competition
The Hawaiian Islands are one of the world’s great showcases of adaptive radiation

14. Fig
Close North American relative,
the tarweed Carlquistia muirii
KAUAI
5.1
million
years
MOLOKAI
1.3
million
years
Dubautia laxa
MAUI
OAHU
3.7
million
years
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
LANAI
HAWAII
0.4
million
years
Figure Adaptive radiation on the Hawaiian Islands
Dubautia waialealae
Plants all descended from an ancestral tarweed that arrived on the islands about 5 million years ago
Dubautia scabra
Dubautia linearis

15. Patterns Of Evolution
The fossil record includes examples of species that appear suddenly, persist essentially unchanged for some time, and then apparently disappear
Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould coined the term punctuated equilibrium to describe periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change
The punctuated equilibrium model contrasts with a model of gradual change in a species’ existence - known as gradualism. Darwin supported the idea of slow gradual change.
Transition species found in the fossil record are a key component to gradualism.

16. (a) Punctuated pattern
Fig
(a) Punctuated pattern
Time
(b) Gradual pattern
Figure Two models for the tempo of speciation