1. making more of a species
Plant Reproduction
making more of a species

2. Two Forms of Plant Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
Meiosis +
Fertilization
Mitosis +
Vegetative
Propagation

3. 2 Types of Reproduction:
Definitions
2 Types of Reproduction:
Sexual Reproduction – when a seed is made that will reproduce a plant. Requires 2 plants.
Asexual Reproduction – Utilizing a part or parts of 1 parent plant. The new plant is a clone (exact duplication) of its parent

4. Sexual reproduction occurs in many kinds of plants in different ways
Sexual reproduction occurs in many kinds of plants in different ways. Some plants form pollen that fertilizes eggs in the flower or cone, others produce spores.

5. Angiosperms reproduce using their flower structure:

6. The petals attract insects and birds to encourage pollination.
The stigma, style, and ovary make up the female structure – the pistil. The ovary houses the ovules (eggs) before and after fertilization
The anther and filament make up the male structure – the stamen - that produces the pollen.

7. Summary: Stages of Reproduction
pollination – the transfer of pollen from the stamens to the pistils of a flower
fertilization (seed production) – the joining of an egg cell and a sperm cell
seed dispersal – moving seeds from one place to another
germination – the sprouting of a plant from a seed

8. Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to the stigma of the carpel
self-pollination (same plant)
cross-pollination (different plant; same species)
Pollen grain germinates (forms pollen tube)
Double fertilization occurs

9. Plant Reproduction Basics
Sperm travels to embryo sac by way of a pollen tube
Once sperm fertilizes egg, zygote becomes embryo (within ovule)
Ovule develops into seed
Ovary becomes fruit
Germination of seed creates new sporophyte (which develops into a mature organism)

10. POLLEN TUBE GROWTH AND FERTILIZATION
Figure 40-14
POLLEN TUBE GROWTH AND FERTILIZATION
Pollen
grain
Stigma
Double
fertilization
Tube-cell
nucleus
Pollen tube
Primary
endosperm
nucleus
(3n)
Sperm
Style
Synergid
Ovary
Zygote
(2n)
Micropyle
1. Pollen grain germinates
on the stigma. Pollen
tube begins growing
down the style.
2. The tube-cell nucleus
moves into pollen tube,
and the generative cell
nucleus divides by mitosis
to form two sperm in
pollen tube.
3. Pollen tube completes
growth toward the egg by
passing through microphyle
and discharging the two
sperm into a cell adjacent
to egg.
4. One sperm unites with
egg to form zygote.
The other fuses with the
two polar nuclei to form
endosperm (nutrient tissue).

11. The Seed

12. Parts of a Seed
Embryo- The young multi-cellular organism before it emerges from the seed
Endosperm- A source of stored food, consisting primarily of starches
Seed Coat- Consists of 1 or more protective layers that encase the seed
Cotyledon- A seed leaf that stores food in the form of starch and protein for use by the embryo
Epicotyl- The portion of the embryonic stem above the point at which the stem is attached to the cotyledon(s)

13. Getting the seeds dispersed (moving them)
Flowering plants have different adaptations to enable their seeds to be dispersed as far away as possible.
The different methods of seed dispersal are…
by wind
by animals
by water
by splitting open forcefully

14. Germination
Once the seed has been dispersed, it must germinate in order to grow.
Some seeds do not grow right away because they become dormant.
Dormant – Resting stage, no active growth

15. Germination Germination – A seed sprouting or starting to grow
To germinate the seed must be placed in certain favorable conditions. Seeds need:
Water
Air
Temperature
Light

16. Monocot Germination

17. Dicot Germination

18. Summary: Stages of Reproduction
pollination – the transfer of pollen from the stamens to the pistils of a flower
fertilization (seed production) – the joining of an egg cell and a sperm cell
seed dispersal – moving seeds from one place to another
germination – the sprouting of a plant from a seed