1. This section has been adapted from Dr. Scott Fleming of U. Memphis Details about Use Cases

2. What are “fully dressed” use cases? All steps and variations written in detail Structured template – Tend toward the formal – However, rough sketching can be useful http://flic.kr/p/a6qunq

3. “Fully dressed” UC template UC name Scope Level Primary actor Stakeholders and interests Preconditions Success guarantees Main success scenario Extensions (or alternative flows) Special requirements Technology and data variations list Frequency of occurrence Miscellaneous

4. Use Cases are a Bundle Each use case is a bundle of scenarios Usually include a “main success scenario” and “exception scenarios”

5. Use Case Name Start with a verb Examples: – Read Article – Write Article – Moderate Comment

6. Scope Will always be the software system under development for us Example: – Online Magazine Content Management System There also business use cases, but we don’t care about them in this class

7. Level Two levels that we care about: User-goal level: describes scenarios that fulfill the goals of the primary actor – Most common Subfunction level: describes substeps to support a user goal – Used to factor out common text from other use cases – Good for handling common use cases like “Log in”

8. Primary actor Principal actor that calls upon system services to fulfill a goal – Usually human, but not always

9. Stakeholders and interests list “The [system] operates a contract between stakeholders, with the use cases detailing the behavioral parts of that contract… The use case, as the contract of behavior, captures all and only the behaviors related to satisfying the stakeholders’ interests” –Cockburn (2001) Example stakeholders and interests: – Subscriber: Wants interesting and amusing articles because the subscriber wants to get money’s worth; wants to be involved in a community of like-minded users to discuss topics and provide feedback to the magazine – Editor: Wants high-quality written articles because low- quality articles reduce reader confidence and satisfaction

10. Stakeholders and interests list “The [system] operates a contract between stakeholders, with the use cases detailing the behavioral parts of that contract… The use case, as the contract of behavior, captures all and only the behaviors related to satisfying the stakeholders’ interests” –Cockburn (2001) Example stakeholders and interests: – Subscriber: Wants interesting and amusing articles because the subscriber wants to get money’s worth; wants to be involved in a community of like-minded users to discuss topics and provide feedback to the magazine – Editor: Wants high-quality written articles because low- quality articles reduce reader confidence and satisfaction Contains a Why description!

11. Preconditions Things that must always be true be the scenario begins – May imply completion of another UC’s scenario Examples: – User has logged in – Comment exists in moderation queue Skip uninteresting or obvious preconditions – Anti-example: Editor has editing experience – Anti-example: Subscriber can use web site

12. Success guarantees (postconditions) Things that must be true after the success scenario or some alternative path – Should meet the needs of all stakeholders Example: – User has access to subscriber-only content – Comment appears in article’s comment thread – Edits to article are saved

13. Main success scenario Sequence of steps in a scenario of a successful typical use of the system Three types of steps: – Interaction between actors – Validation (usually by system) – State change of system (e.g., recording or modifying something) – (Additionally, step 1 may indicate a trigger event) Most actor actions should have a system response Defer conditionals to Extensions section Idiom: capitalize actors names

14. Main Success Scenario 1: Post Comment on Article 1.Subscriber access article 2.System presents article to subscriber, with comments thread 3.Subscriber presses “Post comment” 4.System confirms that subscriber is permitted to post comments 5.System presents text editor 6.Subscriber enters comment text 7.Subscriber submits comment 8.System records subscriber name, date of comment, comment text, and article that was commented on 9.System posts comment at end of comment thread

15. Extensions (or alternative flows) All other scenarios and branches – May end in success or failure Example: – 1a. Used filtered language [words in the comment text on filtered list] 6.Subscriber writes word on filtered word list 7.??? 8.System shows the text editor, the error message, “Please do not use these words in your post!”, and the words in the editor highlighted – 1b. Subscriber is banned from posting comments [subscriber is on a “banned from posting” list] 3.Subscriber presses “Post comment” 4.System identifies that the subscriber is not permitted to post comments 5.System shows error message, “You are not allowed to post comments.” – Guideline: write conditions as something that can be detected by system or actor

16. Extensions (or alternative flows) All other scenarios and branches – May end in success or failure Example: – 1a. Used filtered language [words in the comment text on filtered list] 6.Subscriber writes word on filtered word list 7.??? 8.System shows the text editor, the error message, “Please do not use these words in your post!”, and the words in the editor highlighted – 1b. Subscriber is banned from posting comments [subscriber is on a “banned from posting” list] 3.Subscriber presses “Post comment” 4.System identifies that the subscriber is not permitted to post comments 5.System shows error message, “You are not allowed to post comments.” – Guideline: write conditions as something that can be detected by system or actor Contains the condition Numbering starts at the point from the main success scenario

17. Extensions (cont’d) At end, the extension merges back with the main success scenario unless the extension indicates otherwise Complex extensions might be better expressed as a separate UC Example: a condition that is possible during any step of the main scenario: – *a. System crashes… Example: branching to another use case: – 2c. Author performs Edit Article in response to editor feedback

18. Special requirements Non-functional requirements relevant to the UC – Ex: Section 508 (web accessibility), HIPAA (health information privacy), etc Examples: – Every image must have associated alternative text for screen readers – Identifiable information of patients cannot be disclosed to non-employees

19. Technology and data variations list Constraints on how to build the system – Typically imposed by the customer Examples (reference relevant steps): – 4a. System must be compatible with Internet Explorer 8, Chrome 22, Safari 4, and Firefox 17 – 5a. System will present its mobile user interface when accessed using a mobile device with a four inch screen or smaller

20. How could creating “fully dressed” use cases be useful? (Why write them?)

21. How could creating “fully dressed” use cases be useful? Aid for thinking through what to build Help with detailed planning Reveal other use cases ? Documenting requirements ? ? Communicating with customer ? Project-specific costs/benefits very important to consider!

22. Requirements derived from a Use Case FR 1: Subscriber posts comment FR 1.1: Subscriber can post a comment associated with an article FR 1.2: Every comment appears at the bottom of the article text FR 1.3: Comment stores the comment text, the subscriber name, the comment date of posting, and the associated article identifier FR 1.4: Comments containing offensive words have posting restrictions FR 1.4.1: Comments posted by subscribers may not contain offensive words FR 1.4.2: Comments posted by moderators may contain Offensive Words FR 1.4.3: Offensive words appear on the “offensive words list” This might not be necessary depending on the project. Some developers are good at identifying necessary information from the use case directly.

23. Consider this motivating example At requirements workshop, an editor says she needs to “log in to the system” Is he making assumptions about the solution? How might that limit you, as the designer? How can you prevent customers from accidentally imposing unnecessary requirements?

24. Guideline: Write in essential style Express narrative at level of – user’s intentions and – system’s responsibilities Avoid UI details!!

25. What is wrong with this example? 1.Moderator enters ID and password in dialog box. 2.System authenticates Moderator 3.System displays the “edit users” window

26. What is wrong with this example? 1.Moderator enters ID and password in dialog box. 2.System authenticates Moderator 3.System displays the “edit users” window Limits possible designs by specifying UI

27. Here’s an essential-style example 1.Moderator identifies self. 2.System authenticates Moderator’s identity. This version leaves open novel solutions such as hardware authenticators that the other system could not accomodate

28. Here’s another motivating example Consider a UC step that says “The system generates a SQL INSERT statement for the sale…” What assumptions does the UC make? How might those assumptions limit you? How can you prevent customers from accidentally imposing these sorts of unnecessary requirements?

29. Guideline: Use black-box style Do not describe internal workings of system Say what the system does, not how it does it Think of system in terms of its responsibilities

30. How might you word this step using black box? The system generates a SQL INSERT statement for the sale…

31. How might you word this step using black box? The system generates a SQL INSERT statement for the sale… Like this: The system records the sale.

32. Consider this motivating quote “the software industry is littered with failed projects that did not deliver what people really needed” — Larman How can we make sure we deliver what our customers really need?

33. Guideline: Actor and actor-goal perspective Write requirements focusing on the users (actors) of a system, asking about their goals and typical situations – Look for different types of users Focus on understanding what the actor considers a valuable result

34. We know that the customers have difficulty effectively communicating requirements How can we discover requirements that the customer might not think to tell us about?

35. Guideline for finding requirements Ask probing questions that focus on: – The primary actors and their goals – The system boundary Prototyping and other activities

36. The System Mobile/web customer Such probing might produce a helpful diagram like this Phone system Phone support Service tech Phone customer Bicycle stations