1. Revolution: Agricultural & Economic
Progressive Impact of the Industrial Age

2. Settling the West
After the Civil War, many Americans moved west to start a new life or to settle “the last frontier.”
The movement of people to the west, was also motivated by the mining of precious metals, and the desire for adventure.
The government made moving westward attractive by passing the Homestead Act of 1862.

3. Could buy it for a small amount of $$$
HOMESTEAD ACT
Homestead Act was a law developed in 1862 by Congress to promote settlement of the Great Plains.
Age 21 and the head of the family could have 160 acres of land if they improved it in five years
Could buy it for a small amount of $$$
The US Government encouraged westward expansion and the Homestead Act allowed thousands of settlers to move west and start new lives.

4. The West 200,000 Indians on the Plains following the Civil War.
Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy had all but eliminated their influence in the East. (1831)
1851 – Fort Laramie Treaty established Reservation system.
Fort Atkinson Treaty established boundaries and attempted to create two giant “colonies” of Tribes.
– Peace Commissions sent by US Government to establish relations with Indians.
Indian Wars:
Chivington’s Raid (1864) -450 Arapaho Indians killed near Colorado territory.
Little Big Horn (1876) – Gen. George Custer and 264 men killed by Sioux Indians in Montana territory. “Custer’s Last Stand”
Wounded Knee (1890) – 200 unarmed Sioux Indians killed after sitting Bull was killed.

5. The Ghost Dance Movement -1890
Paiute medicine man Wovoka promised the return of the buffalo and Indian way of life.
The religion prophesied the end of the westward expansion of whites and a return of Indian land.
The ritual lasted five successive days, being danced each night and on the last night continued until morning.
Hypnotic trances and shaking accompanied this ceremony, which was supposed to be repeated every six weeks.

6. GHOST SHIRT
Indian warriors fighting against the US wore Ghost Shirts which were to stop the penetration of American soldiers bullets……It gave them supernatural powers as was believed………
Ghost Shirt
Ghost Shirt

7. The Ghost Dance Movement -1890
Ghost Dance movement spread to Sitting Bull and the Sioux
They religiously danced even after they were told to stop by reservation authorities.
Military went to arrest Sitting Bull, where he was killed.
Many Sioux followers left the reservation and became hostile

8. Mistreatment & neglect
Indian agents of the federal Govt. were supposed to provide food, clothing and supplies to reservation Indians.
Instead, the agents provided tattered blankets, spoiled food and rotten supplies and sold the good supplies on the black market.
One agent left the west with $50,000 in “Savings” he had accumulated while working on the plains!
Govt. realized it was cheaper to feed them than to fight them.
Many Americans were unaware of what was happening.
A Century of Dishonor (1881) – novel that detailed all of the cruelty inflicted upon Indians by White men.
Dawes Act (1887) – Forced civilization of the Indians.
Tribal ownership of lands is wiped out.
160 acres of land given to “heads of family”
If they behaved, they got full title in 25 years!

9. A CENTURY OF DISHONOR
Helen Hunt Jackson ( ), activist for Native American rights and author of Century of Dishonor was published in 1881.
Jackson also began work on a book condemning the government’s Indian policy and its record of broken treaties.
When Jackson sent a copy to every member of Congress with the following admonition printed in red on the cover: "Look upon your hands: they are stained with the blood of your relations."  To her disappointment, the book had little impact.

10. The Cattle Frontier
Gold Rush (1849) Pikes Peak (1859) and the Comstock Lode (1859) brought thousands of Gold Miners to the west.
Once the majority of the treasure had been looted, a new lifestyle emerged and the towns that sprang up disappeared! BOOMTOWNS AND GHOST TOWNS
Cattle Drives – began post Civil War.
Improved with the development of branch slaughterhouse & refrigerated rail cars.
Towns that supported the “beef industry” flourished.
Dodge City, KS. Abilene, TX. Cheyenne, WO.
– 4 million steer driven to slaughterhouses in the West!
Railroad Impact
1,000’s of homesteaders moved West each year.
Gradually they infringe upon cattle territory, trails and paths
Conflicts erupt throughout the West involving cattle rustling, stealing and sometimes violence resulted!
Brutal Winter left cattle stranded across the plains frozen to death by subzero temps!

11. The lure of the West and the closing of the frontier
The west became a place of intrigue for many Americans. It’s beautiful landscapes painted by the Rocky Mountain School artists and the “romantic” image of the frontier by authors such as Mark Twain made many Americans desire to move west.
Frederick Jackson Turner was an influential statesmen and historian who wrote a paper arguing that closing the American frontier was ending a powerful democratizing force.

12. Frederick Jackson Turner “RUGGED INDIVIDUALIST”
TURNER THESIS
With Indians on the reservation by 1890, the United States Census Bureau announced the official end of the frontier.
The population in the West had become dense, and the days of free western land had come to an end.
In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner claimed that the frontier had played a key role in forming the American character.
The Turner Thesis, stated that frontier life created Americans who were socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, committed to democracy and able to withstand difficult times to accomplish the American Dream…
Frederick Jackson Turner
“RUGGED INDIVIDUALIST”
The frontier created the American character of one who was self-sufficient, persistent and able to withstand difficult times to accomplish the American Dream…

13. Homestead Impact 1862 Act gave 160 acres if you stayed on it 5 years.
Problem:
Land in some parts was unusable for farming.
500,000 families took advantage.
2.5 million bought land from railroads for twice the $30 fee.
Fraud:
Settlers would justify improvements to land.
12 x 14 structure was 12 inches by 14 inches!
Land was tilled up and farms were built.
Sodbusters – people who built homes from sod on the great plains because of a lack of trees.
They destroyed the natural balance of the region eventually leading to the Dust Bowls of the 1930’s.

14. A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD

15. Ecological Impact of Homesteaders
1874 – US Geological survey warned that farming west of 100th meridian was not possible.
Advice was ignored and soil was churned up.
“dry farming” –planting of crops in loose soil supposedly counteracted need for water.
Actually caused massive erosion and soil damage.
Farmers turned to new crops
Wheat, sorghum and other grains were more drought resistant and overtook corn as staple crop of the West.
Barbed Wire (1874) solved problem of fences on treeless prairies.
New States and territories created
Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming were admitted into the Union.
Problems loomed on the frontier as well as in other areas of America at the turn of the Century!

16. Land Based Legislation of the Time
Name
Purpose
Impact
Homestead Act
1862
Provide 160 acres of land for $30 fee
By 1890 – 375,000 farms claimed
Most Prime land given to RR
Morrill Land Grant Act 1862
17 million acres deeded to new states.
Conditions: Must provide for at least one state college to teach agriculture
70 land grant colleges established mostly in the West
Dawes Act 1887
Reservation land sold to white settlers.
75 million acres sold
50% of Indian lands now held by whites
Federal Land Sales
Direct sales of 100 million acres of land in the West by the Land Sales office of US Govt.
Land Races held
Towns sprung up overnight

18. Conditions for Farmers
Factory Scale farming – had eliminated the vision of Jefferson in less than 100 years. Large “super-farms” produce the majority of the food supplies for the country.
Invention of the Combine and twine binder sped up process of production.
Farm Crisis – reliance on one crop (corn or wheat) doomed many small farmers the same way cotton did in the pre-civil war era.
A nation of Debtors –borrowing $1000 in meant paying back 1,000 bushels of (corn/wheat) to pay off mortgage.
Prior to $1/bushel meant farmer could pay off the debt!
After ¢/bushel – cannot pay back the debt before it is due!
Currency/Gold Bugs –
1870 -$19.42 in circulation for each person in USA
$22.67 in circulation for each person.
MEANS THAT THERE IS SOMEONE HORDING ALL OF THE MONEY
WHO?

19. Farmers take a stand Natural destruction – Unfair taxation –
Erosion, weather, over-farming
Unfair taxation –
Property taxes were too high.
Wealthy could shelter their income.
Business tactics – RR trust/oil trust/barbed wire trust – all monopolies that set prices and squeezed out competitors.
Little guy cannot compete
Grievances –
Grange (1867)
Social fraternity for farmers
,000 members
Greenback Party (late 1870’s)
Party that supports paper currency.
Populists – Political party formed out of Farmer’s Alliance.

20. Chronology
1872 – First mail order catalogue specifically designed for farmers.
Montgomery Wards catalogue was 1 page.
1889 – Oklahoma legally opened for settlement. “Sooners” enter the state via land races.
1896 – UT admitted to the Union.
Turn of the Century – only OK, NM and AZ are territories.
Environmental movements
(1872) – Yellowstone National Park created
(1890) – Yosemite and Sequoia National Park created.
Cities grow – Chicago/San Francisco expand
“Safety valve” theory – West was like a safety valve because when their area became saturated, they could move west and start over!
Population surge in the West
1890 – US Census officially identified frontier as being “closed”

21. Court Actions /Legislation
Munn vs. Illinois (1876) a partner in a Chicago Illinois warehouse firm found guilty of violating a state law involving price fixing of grain and maximum rates charged by railroads.
Munn appealed and stated that price fixing laws violated the Constitution (taking property without due process)
Court ruled that states could regulate railroads.
Court reversed itself in 1886 (Wabash, St. Louis RR vs Illinois)
McKinley Tariff Bill (1890) tariff rates up to 41.8%
1892 – Populists first National Election
Southern states passed “grandfather clauses” – no black could vote unless his forbearer had in 1860!
1897 Dingley tariff passed to raise tariff level to 46.5%!
Gold Standard Act 1900 – makes gold the standard basis for American economic system.

22. Conservation Movements Chronology
1872 – Congress established Yellowstone National Park
1875 – American Forestry Association founded to protect America’s forests.
1877 – Desert Land Act – 640 acres for $1.25/acre if you irrigate them!
1885 – Adirondack Forest Preserve (contains Niagara Falls) established by NY state.
1890 – John Muir published The Treasures of the Yosemite" and "Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park."
1891 – Forest Reserve Act -Congress repeals Timber Culture Act of 1873
1892 – John Muir helps to found the Sierra Club in San Francisco, CA
1894 – National Park Protective Act passed to protect wildlife of Yosemite National Park.
1897 – Forest Management Act passed. Stipulates who, when and how National Parks will be preserved and maintained.
1899 – Mt. Rainier National Park created by Congress.
1901 – Congress passed The Right of Way Act. Grants access to national parks for electric, utilities, etc.,..for the public good.
1902 – Newlands Reclamation Act – stipulates sale of “excess lands” in 16 western states with profits earmarked for irrigation projects.

23. Conservation Movements Chronology
1905 – Audubon Societies form national organization which becomes National Audubon Society in 1940.
1906 – American Antiquities Act established procedures for President to declare National monuments. Devil’s Tower in WO becomes nations first National monument then the Petrified Forest of AZ is the 2nd!
1909 – TR convenes the first North American Conservation Conference.
1910 – Ballinger-Pinchot Affair investigated by Congress. Scandal involved Dept. of Interior officials and Dept. of Agriculture Officials.
1910 – Glacier National Park established in MT. President Taft issued proclamation establishing Rainbow Bridge National Monument in Utah.
1911 – Weeks Act Passed: protects federal lands in the East for the first time. Protects watersheds in National parks. Established role of
1912 – Congress begins 7 year debate to create National Park Service.
1913 – Weeks-McLean Act passed: All migratory birds are protected by Federal Govt. (Bald Eagles/Condors) that do not stay in one place all year!
1915 – Rocky Mountain National Park established in CO.
1916 – National Park Service Created.
1917 – Mt. McKinley established by Congress in AK.
1919 – Congress established the Grand Canyon as a National Park.

25. Niagara Falls 1868

26. Lake Memphremagog 1880

27. Grand Canyon 1871

28. Business and Economic Chronology
1837 – John Deere manufactures first molded steel plow.
1852 – First print advertisement for Smith Brothers cough drops. Ad features two brothers : ”Trade” and “Mark”.
1861 – First Sunday edition of the New - York Times appeared.
1864 – First Advertising Agency founded. J. Walter Thompson Co. Still exists today.
1870 – Cheesebrough Mfg. founded – makers of Vaseline.
1872 – Montgomery Ward begins mail order catalog for farmers.
1878 – American Cereal Co. introduced first mass-market breakfast food: Quaker Oats.
1879 – Ivory Soap named by Proctor & Gamble. 4 years after it’s accidental discovery.
1881 – James Bonsack developed 1st cigarette rolling machine.
1883 – Ladies Home Journal & Life magazine begin publication.
1886 – Coca Cola invented in Atlanta, GA. Script name is penned by the company bookkeeper.
1888 – Eastman Kodak markets the first hand-held camera.

30. Business and Economic Chronology
1888 – Congress established the Dept. of Labor.
1892 – Sears conducts 1st mass-mailing. 2,000 orders directly tied to this event!
1895 – First patent for gasoline powered engine. Charles Duryea.
1896 – Monarch bicycle company sponsors a bike racing team that tours the country. Sales increase from 1,200 in 1895 to 50,000 in 1896.
1898 – National Biscuit Co. founded. 1st product: Uneeda Biscuit.
1900 – 4,000 passenger cars are sold in America.
1901 – Sylvania Electric Co. formed. US Steel formed. Eastman-Kodak Co. formed. Quaker Oats Co. formed.
1902 – Packard Motor Co. slogan “Ask the man who owns one” used.
1902 – First cartoon to depict Teddy Roosevelt refusing to kill a bear spurs the development of a new toy: The Teddy Bear!
1903 – First sustained air flight by man: Kittyhawk, NC.
1904 – Campbell’s kids created to market Campbell’s Soups.
1905 – Madame CJ Walker markets the first hair straightener for blacks.
1906 – First advertising Convention held in New York City.

32. Business and Economic Chronology
1906 – Pure Food and Drug Act passed by Congress. The Jungle published.
1907 – Bull Durham tobacco Co. ads are pulled from NYC buses and trolleys because of their depiction of male bull. Case goes to Supreme Court.
1907 – Canada Dry Ginger Ale is Produced and marketed to public.
1908 – Hoover Vacuum patented.
1908 – Ford motor Co. introduced the Model “T” for $825.
1909 – Bakelite plastic introduced by Leo Bakeland.
1910 – Electrical current for domestic residences standardized. 181,000 passenger cars sold. 12 story department store opened in Philadelphia. (Largest in world at time)
1911 – Air Conditioning is invented. Supreme Court dissolved Standard Oil of NJ under anti-trust laws. American Tobacco controls 92% of all tobacco sales.
1912 – The Titanic sinks on maiden voyage. 1,518 killed.
1913 – Camel cigarettes marketed for 1st time by RJ Reynolds Co. Ford’s moving assembly line can produce a Model “T” in three hours. 16th Amendment = INCOME TAX

36. Business and Economic Chronology
1913 – FW Woolworth’s opens department store in NYC feet tall
1914 – Federal Trade Commission created to regulate trade in USA
1914 – Cecille B. Demille established first film studio in Hollywood, CA
1915 – First taxicabs appear in American cities.
1916 – Auto & truck production exceeds 1 million vehicles/year.
1916 – Self-Service concept introduced at Piggly-Wiggly Grocery Stores.
1917 – Trading with the Enemy Act prohibits trade with enemy nations during wartime.
1918 – War Dept. buys entire production of bull Durham Tobacco Co. “When our boys light up, the huns will light out!”
1919 – 18th Amendment prohibits sale, production, distribution of alcohol.
1919 – First municipal airport opened in Tuscon, AZ.
1920 – Two million passenger cars sold in USA.

38. Last bare knuckle Champ
John L. Sullivan = champ
Fought bare knuckle fights
75 round marathons
No holds barred!
1892 Fight pitted
Gentlemen Jim Corbett vs John L. Sullivan
Two different styles.
Telegraphs in NYC relayed info about fight to public.
Progressive Organizers wanted to outlaw sports like boxing.