1. Transmission of Heat

2. Question
If a cup of hot coffee and an ice cube were left on the table in this room what would happen to them? Why?
The cup of coffee will cool until it reaches room temperature. The ice cube will melt and then the liquid will cool to room temperature.

3. Heat Transfer Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place.
Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature.
Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room temperature.

4. Heat Transfer Methods
These are:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

5. Conduction
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat travels to the other end.
As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and so is the heat. We call this?
Conduction

6. Conduction is the process of heat transfer through a medium or material without any movement of the medium or material

7. Why does metal feel colder than wood, if they are both at the same temperature?
Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. The metal conducts the heat away from your hands, the wood does not conduct the heat away from your hands as well as the metal, so the wood feels warmer than the metal.

8. Some materials conduct heat more rapidly than others
Such materials are called thermal conductors
Most metals are good thermal conductors

9. Examples of Good Conductors of Heat
Times CD-rom

10. Poor heat conductors are called insulators
They conduct heat much more slowly
Examples :
wood, rubber, asbestos, plastic, glass, water and air

11. Examples of Poor Conductors of Heat
Times CD-rom

12. Comparing Different Thermal Conductivities
Material
Thermal conductivity (W/mk)
Brass
106
Iron 84
Water
0.56
Wood
0.13
Air
0.024
Which is the best conductor?
--> Brass

13. Applications Of Heat Conductions
Thermal conductors:
We use metals to make cooking utensils so that the food inside cooks or heats up quickly.

14. Applications Of Heat Conductions
Boilers in a factory or power station have to rapidly convert heat to steam.

15. Applications Of Heat Conductions
Radiators have to conduct heat from a hot source before they can warm the air around them.

16. Applications Of Heat Conductions
Thermal insulators:
Thermal insulators are good at keeping heat out AND keeping heat in.
Your winter scarf is a thermal insulator.
It prevents the heat from your body from escaping into the cold air.

17. What are other uses of heat insulators?
Handles of cooking utensils
Walls of buildings

18. Second method of heat transfer
Convection

19. The particles spread out and become less dense.
Heating fluids
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas when you heat them?
The particles spread out and become less dense.
This effects fluid movement.
What is a fluid?
A liquid or gas.

20. Fluid movement
Cooler, more d____, fluids sink through w_____, less dense fluids.
ense
armer
In effect warmer liquids and gases r___ up.
ise
Cooler liquids and gases s___.
ink

21. Demostrations of Convection using Water movement
Cools at the surface
Convection current
Hot water rises
Cooler water sinks

23. Definition!
Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of currents in liquids or gases

24. As air is heated up on the road, it rises and cool air replaces the warm air. This sets up a convection current.

25. Why is it windy at the seaside?

26. Where is the freezer compartment put in a fridge?
Cold air sinks
Where is the freezer compartment put in a fridge?
Freezer compartment
It is warmer at the bottom, so this warmer air rises and a convection current is set up.
It is put at the top, because cool air sinks, so it cools the food on the way down.

27. Where would you place a air-con in the room? Why?
Explanation: A C B

28. Where would you place the heating element in the electric kettle? Why?
Explanation: A B

29. Third method of heat transfer
Radiation

30. The third method of heat transfer
How does heat energy get from the Sun to the Earth?
There are no particles between the Sun and the Earth so it CANNOT travel by conduction or by convection.
RADIATION ?

31. Radiation Radiation travels in straight lines True/False
Radiation can travel through a vacuum
Radiation requires particles to travel
Radiation travels at the speed of light

32. Emission experiment
Four containers were filled with warm water. Which container would have the warmest water after ten minutes?
Shiny metal
Dull metal
Dull black
Shiny black
The __________ container would be the warmest after ten minutes because its shiny surface reflects heat _______ back into the container so less is lost. The ________ container would be the coolest because it is the best at _______ heat radiation.
shiny metal
radiation
dull black
emitting

33. Absorption experiment
Four containers were placed equidistant from a heater. Which container would have the warmest water after ten minutes?
Shiny metal
Dull metal
Dull black
Shiny black
The __________ container would be the warmest after ten minutes because its surface absorbs heat _______ the best. The _________ container would be the coolest because it is the poorest at __________ heat radiation.
dull black
radiation
shiny metal
absorbing

34. Radiation is the transfer of heat, in the form of waves, from one place to another without a medium.

35. Factors Affecting Radiation
Nature of surface of body
Total surface area of body
Temperature difference between the body and its surrounding

36. Nature of surface of body
Which types of surfaces make better radiators?
Black, white or coloured
Rough, smooth or shiny

37. Experiment to investigate nature of surface of body affecting radiation:
Times CD-rom

38. Total surface area of body
Increase in surface area, increases amount of heat radiated per second

39. Temperature difference between the body and its surrounding
The greater the temperature difference, the more heat is radiated per second

40. How does heat from the Sun reach the Earth?

41. Sunlight is radiated through space to our planet in the absence of matter.
The sun transfers heat through millions of kilometres of space.

42. Uses of Good Radiators White clothes Houses painted in light colours
Black pipes on solar water heaters

43. Vacuum Flask
Times CD-rom

44. Applications of Heat Transfer
Styrofoam for food is white
Box covered with lid
Brightly polished kettle keeps the liquid warm
Times CD-rom

45. Applications of Heat Transfer
How does the design of the spacesuit help astronaut survive in outer space?

46. Which features of these buildings help keep the heat out?
In a warm climate like Singapore, how are buildings designed to keep temperature indoors cool?
Which features of these buildings help keep the heat out?

47. Convection questions Why does hot air rise and cold air sink?
Cool air is more dense than warm air, so the cool air ‘falls through’ the warm air.
Why are boilers placed beneath hot water tanks in people’s homes?
Hot water rises.
So when the boiler heats the water, and the hot water rises, the water tank is filled with hot water.

48. Radiation questions Why are houses painted white in hot countries?
White reflects heat radiation and keeps the house cooler.
Why are shiny foil blankets wrapped around marathon runners at the end of a race?
The shiny metal reflects the heat radiation from the runner back in, this stops the runner getting cold.

49. Can all three heat transfer method occur at the same time?

50. 1. Which of the following is not a method of heat transfer?
A. Radiation
B. Insulation
C. Conduction
D. Convection

51. 2. In which of the following are the particles closest together?
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Fluid

52. 3. How does heat energy reach the Earth from the Sun?
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Insulation

53. 4. Which is the best surface for reflecting heat radiation?
A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black

54. 5. Which is the best surface for absorbing heat radiation?
A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black