1. Vocabularies, Ontologies and Rules for The Enterprise and Business Process Modeling and Management Giancarlo Guizzardi (guizzardi@acm.org )guizzardi@acm.org http://nemo.inf.ufes.br Computer Science Department Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Brazil Workshop on Ontologies in Conceptual Modeling Valencia, Spain July, 2010

2. We need representations of certain portions of reality in order to understand (learn), communicate and reason (problem- solving) about this portion of reality. The need for Representations

5. Domain Ontology Metamodel Language

6. Admissible state of affairs according to a conceptualization C

7. {  x Person(x),  x Father(x)} (MM 1 )

8. Admissible state of affairs according to a conceptualization C State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 1 of language L 1

9. {  x Person(x),  x Father(x)} (MM 1 ) {  x Person(x),  x Father(x),  x Father(x)  Man(x),  x Person(x)  Man(x)  Woman(x),  x Man(x)  Woman(x),…} (MM 2 )

10. Admissible state of affairs according to a conceptualization C State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 1 of language L 1 State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 2 of language L 2

11. {  x Person(x),  x Father(x)} (MM 1 ) {  x Person(x),  x Father(x),  x Father(x)  Man(x),  x Person(x)  Man(x)  Woman(x),  x Man(x)  Woman(x),…} (MM 2 ) {  x Person(x),  x Father(x),  x Father(x)  Man(x),  x Person(x)  Man(x)  Woman(x),  x Man(x)  Woman(x),  x Person(x)  □Person(x),  x LivingPerson(x)  LivingPerson(x)…} (MM 3 )

12. Admissible state of affairs according to a conceptualization C State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 1 of language L 1 State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 2 of language L 2 State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 3 of language L 3

13. Admissible state of affairs according to a conceptualization C State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 1 of language L 1 State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 2 of language L 2 State of affairs represented by the valid models of metamodel MM 3 of language L 3 Ontology of the domain according to the conceptualization C

16. Formal Ontology To uncover and analyze the general categories and principles that describe reality is the very business of philosophical Formal Ontology Formal Ontology (Husserl): a discipline that deals with formal ontological structures (e.g. theory of parts, theory of wholes, types and instantiation, identity, dependence, unity) which apply to all material domains in reality.

17. Foundational Ontology We name a foundational ontology the product of the discipline of formal ontology in philosophy A foundational ontology is a formal framework of generic (i.e. domain independent) real-world concepts that can be used to talk about material domains.

19. The alternative to philosophy is not “non-philosophy” but bad philosophy! A scientific field can either develop and make explicit its foundations or remain oblivious to its inevitable and often ad hoc ontological commitments.

21. OBJECT TYPES

22. Distinctions Among Object Types {Person} {Customer} {Student, Employee} {Teenager, Living Person}

26. Subtyping with Rigid and Anti-Rigid Types  x Person(x)  □Person(x)  x Student(x)   Student(x) 3.□(Person(x)  Student(x)) 4.Person(John) 5.Student(John) 6.□Person(John) 7.□Student(John) 8.□Student(John)   Student(John) Person Student

34. Roles with Disjoint Admissible Types

35. The Pattern in ORM by Terry Halpin

36. PART-WHOLE RELATIONS

37. John part-of John’s Heart Person

38. John John’s Brain part-of

39. John part-of John’s Heart □((  Person,x) □(  (x)  (  !Heart,y)(y < x)))

40. John John’s Brain part-of □((  Person,x)(  !Brain,y) □(  (x)  (y < x)))

41. John part-of John’s Heart □((  Person,x) □(  (x)  (  !Heart,y)(y < x)))

42. Essentiality and Inseparability Essentiality does not imply inseparability: –Think about a Collected Works publication of some authors. It is defined by that specific extensional collection of papers, but the papers could exist prior to and outlive the collection Inseparability does not imply Essentiality : –A whole in this table is an inseparable part of it, but not an essential part of the table

43. part-of

44. John part-of

45. John part-of John’s Brain part-of

48. TOOL SUPPORT

52. Tool Support The underlying algorithm merely has to check structural properties of the diagram and not the content of involved nodes

54. ATL Transformation Alloy Analyzer + OntoUML visual Plugin Simulation and Visualization

56. A Software Engineering view… Conceptual Modeling Implementation 1 Implementation 2 Implementation 3

57. A Software Engineering view… Conceptual Modeling Implementation 1 Implementation 2 Implementation 3 DESIGN

58. …transported to Ontological Engineering Ontology as a Conceptual Model Ontology as Implementation 1 (SHOIN/OWL-DL, DLR US ) Ontology as Implementation 2 (CASL) Ontology as Implementation 3 (Alloy, F-Logic…)

59. …transported to Ontological Engineering Ontology as a Conceptual Model Ontology as Implementation 1 (SHOIN/OWL-DL, DLR US ) Ontology as Implementation 2 (CASL) Ontology as Implementation 3 (Alloy, F-Logic…) DESIGN

65. Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) UFO-A (STRUCTURAL ASPECTS) (Objects, their types, their parts/wholes, the roles they play, their intrinsic and relational properties Property value spaces…) UFO-B (DYNAMIC ASPECTS) (Events and their parts, Relations between events, Object participation in events, Temporal properties of entities, Time…) UFO-C (SOCIAL ASPECTS) (Agents, Intentional States, Goals, Actions, Norms, Social Commitments/Claims, Social Dependency Relations…)

66. Ontology-Based Analysis and (Re) Engineering based on UFO-B and UFO-C We have analyzed, (re) engineered, integrated other reference models and tools. Examples include: ITIL, RM-ODP ARIS EPC, Goal and Organizational Models TROPOS/i*, AORML

67. References 1.GUIZZARDI, G. The Problem of Transitivity of Part-Whole Relations in Conceptual Modeling Revisited, 21 st International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAISE’09), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2009.The Problem of Transitivity of Part-Whole Relations in Conceptual Modeling Revisited 2.Guizzardi, G. Modal Aspects of Object Types and Part-Whole Relations and the de re/de dicto distinction, 19 th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAISE’07), Trondheim, 2007, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4495, Springer-Verlag.Modal Aspects of Object Types and Part-Whole Relations and the de re/de dicto distinction 3.Guizzardi, G.; Wagner, G.; Guarino, N.; van Sinderen, M. “An Ontologically Well-Founded Profile for UML Conceptual Models”, 16 th International Conference on Advances in Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), Latvia, 2004. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3084, ISBN 3-540-22151-4. “An Ontologically Well-Founded Profile for UML Conceptual Models”Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4.Guizzardi, G., On Ontology, ontologies, Conceptualizations, Modeling Languages, and (Meta)Models, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Databases and Information Systems IV, Olegas Vasilecas, Johan Edler, Albertas Caplinskas (Editors), ISBN 978-1-58603-640- 8, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2007.On Ontology, ontologies, Conceptualizations, Modeling Languages, and (Meta)Models 5.GUIZZARDI, G.; LOPES, M.; BAIÃO, F.; FALBO, R. On the importance of truly ontological representation languages, International Journal of Information Systems Modeling and Design (IJISMD), Information Resources Management Association (IRMA), IGI Publishing, Hershey-New York, USA, Volume 1, Issue 2, April-June 2010, ISSN: 1947-8186.On the importance of truly ontological representation languages 6.SANTOS, Jr., P; ALMEIDA, J.P.A.; GUIZZARDI, G., An Ontology-Based Semantic Foundation for ARIS EPCs, 25th ACM Symposium On Applied Computing (ACM SAC 2010), Sierre, Switerland, 2010.An Ontology-Based Semantic Foundation for ARIS EPCs

68. References 7.CARDOSO, E.C., SANTOS JUNIOR, P.S., ALMEIDA, J.P.A., GUIZZARDI, R.S.S., GUIZZARDI, G. Semantic Integration of Goal and Business Process Modeling, IFIP International Conference on Research and Practical Issues of Enterprise Information Systems (CONFENIS), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 2010.Semantic Integration of Goal and Business Process Modeling 8.SANTOS, Jr., P; ALMEIDA, J.P.A.; GUIZZARDI, G., An Ontology-Based Semantic Foundation for Organizational Structure Modeling in the ARIS Method, IEEE 5 th Joint International Workshop on Vocabularies, Ontologies and Rules for The Enterprise (VORTE) – Metamodels, Ontologies and Semantic Technologies (MOST), together with 15 th International Enterprise Computing Conference (EDOC 2010), Vitória, Brazil, 2010.An Ontology-Based Semantic Foundation for Organizational Structure Modeling in the ARIS Method 9.ALMEIDA, J.P.A.; CARDOSO, E., GUIZZARDI, G., On the Goal Domain in the RM-ODP Enterprise Language: An Initial Appraisal based on a Foundational Ontology, IEEE 6 th International Workshop on ODP for Enterprise Computing (WODPEC 2010), together with 15 th International Enterprise Computing Conference (EDOC 2010), Vitória, Brazil, 2010.On the Goal Domain in the RM-ODP Enterprise Language: An Initial Appraisal based on a Foundational Ontology 10.ALMEIDA, J. P. A. ; GUIZZARDI, G. ; SANTOS JR., P. S. Applying and Extending a Semantic Foundation for Role-Related Concepts in Enterprise Modelling. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS), IGI-Global, 2009.Applying and Extending a Semantic Foundation for Role-Related Concepts in Enterprise Modelling 11.GONCALVES, B. N.; ZAMBORLINI, V. ; GUIZZARDI, G. An Ontological Analysis of the Electrocardiogram. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION AND INNOVATION IN HEALTH, 2009.An Ontological Analysis of the Electrocardiogram

69. References 12.BENEVIDES, A.B.; GUIZZARDI, G. A Model-Based Tool for Conceptual Modeling and Domain Ontology Engineering in OntoUML, 11th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS), Milan, 2009. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, Springer-Verlag.A Model-Based Tool for Conceptual Modeling and Domain Ontology Engineering in OntoUML 13.Benevides, A.B.; Guizzardi, G.; Braga, B.F.B.; Almeida, J.P.A.;, Assessing Modal Aspects of OntoUML Conceptual Models in Alloy, International Workshop on Evolving Theories of Conceptual Modeling (ETheCoM 2009), at the 28th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2009), Gramado, Brazil.Assessing Modal Aspects of OntoUML Conceptual Models in Alloy

70. Acknowledgements Nicola Guarino Gerd Wagner Renata S.S. Guizzardi João Paulo Almeida Ricardo Falbo Bernardo Nunes Alessander Botti Benevides Bernardo Braga Paulo Sergio Santos Jr. Evellin Cardoso Veruska Zamborlini

71. Acknowledgements This research is funded by the Brazilian Research Funding Agencies FAPES (grant number 45444080/09) and CNPq (grants number 481906/2009-6)

72. http://nemo.inf.ufes.br/ gguizzardi@inf.ufes.br