1. 26.11 Steroids: Cholesterol

2. Structure of Cholesterol Fundamental framework of steroids is the tetracyclic unit shown.

3. Structure of Cholesterol Cholesterol has the fundamental steroid skeleton modified as shown. HO CH 3 H H H

4. Structure of Cholesterol Some parts of the cholesterol molecule are isoprenoid. But other parts don't obey the isoprene rule. Also, cholesterol has 27 carbons, which is not a multiple of 5. HO CH 3 H H H

5. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Cholesterol is biosynthesized from the triterpene squalene. In the first step, squalene is converted to its 2,3-epoxide.

6. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Cholesterol is biosynthesized from the triterpene squalene. In the first step, squalene is converted to its 2,3-epoxide. O O 2, NADH, enzyme

7. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol To understand the second step, we need to look at squalene oxide in a different conformation, one that is in a geometry suitable for cyclization. O

8. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol To understand the second step, we need to look at squalene oxide in a different conformation, one that is in a geometry suitable for cyclization. O O

9. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Cyclization is triggered by epoxide ring opening. O H+

10. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Cyclization is triggered by epoxide ring opening. O H+HO +

11. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Loss of a proton is accompanied by a series of hydride shifts and methyl migrations. HO + OH 2 H H H HO H H

12. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol The product of this rearrangement is a triterpene called lanosterol. A number of enzyme-catalyzed steps follow that convert lanosterol to cholesterol. HO H H

13. Cholesterol Cholesterol is the biosynthetic precursor to a large number of important steroids: Bile acids Vitamin D Corticosteroids Sex hormones

14. 26.12 Vitamin D

15. Cholesterol HO CH 3 H H H Cholesterol is the precursor to vitamin D. Enzymes dehydrogenate cholesterol to introduce a second double bond in conjugation with the existing one. The product of this reaction is called 7-dehydrocholesterol.

16. 7-Dehydrocholesterol HO CH 3 H H Sunlight converts 7-dehydrocholesterol on the skin's surface to vitamin D 3.

17. Vitamin D 3 HO H CH 3 Insufficient sunlight can lead to a deficiency of vitamin D 3, interfering with Ca 2+ transport and bone development. Rickets can result.

18. 26.13 Bile Acids

19. Cholesterol HO CH 3 H H H Oxidation in the liver degrades the cholesterol side chain and introduces OH groups at various positions on the steroid skeleton. Cholic acid is the most abundant of the bile acids.

20. Cholic Acid Salts of cholic acid amides (bile salts), such as sodium taurocholate, act as emulsifying agents to aid digestion. HOHOHOHO CH 3 H H H H OHOHOHOH HOHOHOHOOOH

21. Sodium Taurocholate HOHOHOHO CH 3 H H H H OHOHOHOH HOHOHOHOO NHCH 2 CH 2 SO 3 Na

22. 26.14 Corticosteroids

23. Cholesterol HO CH 3 H H H Enzymatic degradation of the side chain and oxidation of various positions on the steroid skeleton convert cholesterol to corticosteroids.

24. Cortisol Cortisol is the most abundant of the corticosteroids. Enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of cortisol gives cortisone. O CH 3 H H H OHOHOHOH HOHOHOHO O OHOHOHOH

25. Cortisone Corticosteroids are involved in maintaining electrolyte levels, in the metabolism of carbohydrates, and in mediating the allergic response. O CH 3 H H H OHOHOHOH O O OHOHOHOH

26. 26.15 Sex Hormones

27. Testosterone Testosterone is the main male sex hormone. O H H H H3CH3CH3CH3C H3CH3CH3CH3COH

28. Estradiol Estradiol is a female sex hormone involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and in reproduction. HO H H H H3CH3CH3CH3C OH

29. Progesterone Supresses ovulation during pregnancy. O H H H H3CH3CH3CH3C H3CH3CH3CH3CO

30. 26.16 Carotenoids

31. Carotenoids Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments. Structurally, carotenoids are tetraterpenes. They have 40 carbons. Two C 20 units are linked in a tail-to-tail fashion. Examples are lycopene and  -carotene.

32. Carotenoids Lycopene (tomatoes)  -Carotene (carrots)