1. Types of Bitumen and Their Test Methods
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2. Agenda 1. Types of Bituminous Binders
2. Specifications and Test Methods
3. Testing of Bitumen
4. Relationship between Properties

3. Types of Bituminous Binders

4. Types of Binders
Tar
Natural Asphalt
Bitumen

5. Tar Obtained by destructive distillation of coal or wood.
Coke Oven Tar
Produced at temperatures above 1200OC during manufacturing of coke.
High aromatic content.
Pitch content - 50 %.
Low Aromatic Tar
Produced at temperatures 600OC to 700OC.
Less viscous.
Paraffinic in nature.
Pitch content - 35 %.

6. Natural Asphalt Naturally occurring Bituminous binder
Biggest deposits in Trinidad
100 Acres,
90 meter deep
10 to 15 Million MT
Pen max
Asphalt found in France, Italy & Switzerland - Rock Asphalt

7. Bitumen Cutback Bitumen Emulsions Modified Bitumen
Conventional Bitumen
Paving Grade Bitumen
Industrial Grade Bitumen
Cutback
Bitumen Emulsions
Modified Bitumen
Modified Bitumen Emulsions

8. Specifications and Test Methods
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9. What is expected from Bitumen?
Ensure road behaves in a predictable way
Bitumen performs the desired function on the road
Does not fail under predictable loads
Resists deterioration of road with time
Is able to withstand expected climatic conditions
Mix easily and form strong bond with a wide variety of aggregates
Is safe to handle
Modified Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsions should be a stable mixture in storage and handling
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10. What properties need to be tested?
Hardness – Penetration
Withstand high temperatures – Softening Point
Withstand repetitive loading/unloading – Ductility
Withstand low temperatures – Fraass breaking point
Ease of mixing with aggregate – Viscosity at 135OC
Safety in handling - Flash point
Purity – Solubility in Trichloroethylene
Weight to volume conversion – Specific gravity
Deterioration of properties w.r.t. time and temperature – Thin Film Oven Test

11. Testing of Bitumen
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12. Penetration
Travel in dmm of a specified needle under 100 g wt. for 5 secs into Bitumen at 25OC

13. Penetration – Test Method
Pour the sample into the testing container at not more than 140OC.
Stir it thoroughly until it is homogenous and free from air bubbles and water.
Pour the sample into the container to a depth of atleast 10 mm in excess of the expected penetration.
Allow the sample to cool in atmosphere upto a temperature of 15 to 30OC for 1 to 1 ½ hour.
Then place the sample container into the transfer dish and keep it in water bath at OC for 1 to 1 ½ hour.
Fill the transfer dish with water from the water bath to a depth sufficient to cover the container completely.
Place the sample in the penetrometer. Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the sample. This can be done by placing the needle point in contact with its image reflected by the surface of the material from a source of light.
The atleast 3 readings at points on the surface of the sample atleast 10 mm apart and 10 mm from the side of the dish.

14. Penetration Test - Accuracy
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Above 50
3% of their average
8% of their average
Below 50
1 unit
4 units
Penetration
Maximum Difference
50 and above
2 unit
below 50

15. Softening Point
3.5 g steel ball placed on Bitumen sample in Brass ring
Bath temp. raised at 5OC per minute

16. Ductility
Indicates the extent to which a sample can be stretched before breaking.
Length in cm. at breaking point is ductility

17. Types of Viscosity Tubes
Absolute viscosity
U-shaped tube with timing marks & filled with asphalt
Placed in 60OC bath,
Vacuum used to pull asphalt through tube
Time to pass marks
Visc. in Pa s (Poise)
Two viscosity measurements are used in this specification: Absolute viscosity (60 oC) and kinematic viscosity (135 oC). Both use the principle of the rate of flow through a known area to measure viscosity. Because asphalt is still very thick (stiff) at 60 oC, a vacuum is needed to move the asphalt through the tube in a reasonable time. At 135 oC, gravity and a falling head pressure is sufficient to get the asphalt to flow.
Asphalt Institute Tube

18. Flash Point
Used to measure temperature to which a sample bitumen may be safely heated
The flash point is the temperature reached when the vapour causes an instantaneous flash

19. Solubility (Purity)
A sample of asphalt is dissolved in a solvent then filtered through a Gooch crucible mounted in the top of a vacuum flask. The amount of insoluble material retained on the filter represents the impurities in the asphalt cement.

20. Thin Film Oven Test Pan Thermometer Rotating Shelf
Thin film oven aging is a laboratory procedure for simulating the change in asphalt cement properties which occur during tank storage, mixing and construction processes. This test can also be used to measure the loss of volatiles in the asphalt cement by determining the percent difference in the mass before and after aging.
A 50 g sample of asphalt is poured into each of three flat-bottomed pans. This results in a layer of asphalt of about 3.2 mm deep. Three pans are placed on a rotating shelf in a 163 oC oven for 5 hours. The aged samples are then combined into one container, mixed, and used to determine the aged asphalt cement properties.
Rotating Shelf

21. Aging of Bitumen

22. Other Tests Fraass Breaking Point Specific Gravity Wax content
Penetration Ratio/ Index
Penetration after TFOT
Softening Point after TFOT
Viscosity after TFOT

23. Relationship Between Properties

24. Interdependencies Penetration at Softening Point – 800 Penetration at
Fraass Breaking Pt
– 1.25
Interdependencies
Viscosity at
Softening Point
1200 Pa s
(12000 poise)

25. Relationship Between Properties
Penetration at Softening Point – 800
Penetration at Fraass Breaking Point – 1.25
Viscosity at Softening Point Pa s (12000 poise)

26. Interdependencies

27. Bitumen Test Data Chart

28. Tests on Emulsions & Modified Bitumens
Stability test

29. Types of Classifications
Penetration grade
Viscosity grade
Viscosity of TFOT residue
Performance Grade
Hybrid grade
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30. Thank You