2. Class-X

3. G RAMMAR

4. U NDERSTANDING A CTIVE AND P ASSIVE V OICE The Path to Effective Writing

5. V ERBS AND V OICE Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the action. There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice.

6. A CTIVE V OICE Active Voice – indicates that the subject of the verb is acting Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

7. P ASSIVE V OICE In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip-flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action. Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive ), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

8. R EASONS TO U SE THE A CTIVE V OICE Most writers prefer to use active voice because it is more direct. Compare Active : The waiter dropped the tray of food. Passive : The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.

9. W HEN TO U SE P ASSIVE V OICE  In general, the passive voice is less direct, less forceful, and less concise than the active voice.  Use the passive voice in the following situations:  Use passive voice when you do not know or do not want to reveal the performer of an action.  Use passive voice when you want to emphasize the receiver of an action.

10. F ORM OF P ASSIVE V OICE V ERBS  The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb.  Example: Active: John baked the bread. Passive: The bread was baked by John. (Was is a form of the verb “be”.)

11. F ORM OF P ASSIVE V OICE V ERBS  Writers should be familiar with the forms of "to be", often called linking verbs, so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work.  Review the forms of "to be":  am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

12. F ORM OF P ASSIVE V OICE V ERBS Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive voice: is kicked----------------had been kicked was kicked-------------is going to be kicked is being kicked---------will be kicked has been kicked-------can be kicked was being kicked------should be kicked

13. F ORM OF P ASSIVE V OICE V ERBS  Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed the action.  Passive sentences can be easily transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.

14. F ORM OF P ASSIVE V OICE V ERBS  Examples:  Passive: The cookies were eaten by the children.  Active: The children ate the cookies.  Passive: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.  Active: The gophers dug the tunnels.

15. L ET ’ S P RACTICE  Directions: Change the sentences below to the active voice. 1. The statue is being visited by hundreds of tourists every year. 2. My books were stolen by someone yesterday. 3. These books had been left in the classroom by a careless student. 4. Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by plantation workers. 5. The house had been broken into by someone while the owners were on vacation.

16. L ET ’ S P RACTICE  Directions: Change the sentences below to the passive voice. 1. Children cannot open these bottles easily. 2. The government built a road right outside her front door. 3. Mr. Ross broke the antique vase as he walked through the store. 4. When she arrived, the changes amazed her. 5. The construction workers are making street repairs all month long.

17. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Present Continuous Tense Active: S + am/is/are + V-ing + O Passive: S + am/is/are + being +PP + by + O EX: He is writing a novel at the moment. A novel is being written (by him) at the moment.

18. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Present Perfect Tense Active: S + Has/Have + V 3 ed + O Passive: S + has/have + been +PP + by + O EX: He has just finished a novel. A novel has just been finished (by him).

19. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Past Continuous Tense Active: S + was/were + V-ing + O Passive: S + was/were + being + PP + by + O EX: He was writing a letter at 8.00 yesterday. A letter was being written (by him).

20. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Past Perfect Tense Active: S + had + V 3 ed + O Passive: S + had + been + PP + by + O EX: He had finished his homework before 8.00 yesterday. His homework had been finished (by him) before 8.00 yesterday.

21. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Future Continuous Tense Active: S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O Passive: S + will/shall + be + being + PP + by + O EX: Tom will be cooking lunch at 10.00 tomorrow. Lunch will be being cooked by Tom at 10.00 tomorrow.

22. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Future Perfect Tense Active: S + will/shall + have + V 3 ed + O Passive: S + will/shall + have + been + PP + by + O EX: By the end of next week, he will have written 10 letters to her. By the end of next week, 10 letters will have been written to her.

23. MODAL VERBS (MV) IN PASSIVE VOICE Modal Verbs can be used in either the present or past forms. Active: S + MV (not) + V + O Passive: S + MV (not) + Be + PP + by + O EX: We can’t solve this problem. This problem can’t be solved.

24. PASSIVE VOICE WITH CAUSATIVE FORM Active: S + Has/Have + O 1 + V (BI)+ O 2 S + Get + O 1 + V (to-infinitive) + O 2 Passive: S + Has/Have/Get + O 2 + PP EX: My father had Tom wash his car. My father had his car washed by Tom

25. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE Verbs of liking/loving/wanting/wishing + Object + infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive. Active: S + V + O 1 + to-infinitive + O 2 Passive: S + V + O + To Be + PP EX: He wants someone to take photographs. He wants photographs to be taken.

26. Such verbs as “have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/ observe” are used in the following passive structure: Active: S + V + O + V (BI) Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-Infinitive EX: The gravity makes things drop down. Things are made to drop down by the gravity. Note: The verb following “let” does not bear “to” in the passive sentence.

27. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + Infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice. Active: S + V + O 1 + to-infinitive + O 2 Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-infinitive + O 2 EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax. The Council was urged to reduce the tax.

28. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice. Active: S + V + O 1 + to-infinitive + O 2 Passive: S 1 + V + that + S 2 + should be + PP EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax. He urged that the tax should be reduced.

29. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS AFTER THE PASSIVE VERB After acknowledge/assume/believe/claim/ consider /estimate/feel/find/know/report/ say/think /understand …, we use the infinitive construction. Simple Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is the same as that of the main active verb.

30. Active: S 1 + V 1 + that + S 2 + V 2 + (O) Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S 2 + V 2 + (O) EX: People said that he was jealous of her. It was said that he was jealous of her.

31. Active: S 1 + V 1 + that + S 2 + V 2 + (O) Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to + V+ (O) EX: People said that he was jealous of her. He was said to be jealous of her.

32. Perfect Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is earlier than that of the main active verb. Active: S 1 + V 1 + that + S 2 + V 2 + (O) Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S 2 + V 2 + (O) EX: People say that he was jealous of her. It is said that he was jealous of her.

33. Active: S 1 + V 1 + that + S 2 + V 2 + (O) Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to have + PP + (O) EX: People say that he was jealous of her. He is said to have been jealous of her.

34. OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/insist/propose/recommend /suggest + Gerund + Object Active: S + V + V-ing + O Passive: S + V + that + S + should be + PP EX: He recommended using bullet-proof glass. He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.

35. OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE Active: S + V + O + V-ing Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O EX: I remembered my father taking me to the zoo. I remember being taken to the zoo by my father.

36. Active: S + V + To-inf + O Passive: S + V + To Be + PP + by + O EX: She started to learn English 5 years ago. English started to be learnt 5 years ago. Active: S + V + V-ing + O Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O EX: She started learning English 5 years ago. English started being learnt 5 years ago.

37. E XERCISE A piece of plastic had been swallowed by the child. Two separate people were given rides in the new models by the designer. Our dog is frightened by loud thunderstorms The store was kept open until 11:00 p.m. by the overtired workers. The ball is hit straight into the bleachers by the batter.

39. DIRECT Am, is, are Shall/will Can May Must Have/has to Ought to INDIRECT Was/were Should/would Could Might Had to

40. CHANGES OF ADVERB OF TIME & PLACE DIRECT NOW TOMORROW NEXT WEEK TONIGHT TODAY YESTERDAY LAST NIGHT LAST WEEK HERE THIS THESE INDIRECT THEN THE FOLLOWING DAY THE FOLLOWING WEEK THAT NIGHT THAT DAY THE DAY BEFORE THE NIGHT BEFORE THE WEEK BEFORE THERE THAT THOSE

41. CHANGES OF TENSES DIRECT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT CONT. SIMPLE FUTURE INDIRECT SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONT. PAST FUTURE

42. 1. STATEMENT HE SAID HE SAID TO ME HE TOLD ME THAT REPORTED WORDS

43. STATEMENT EXAMPLE DIRECT They said to me: “we are going to visit Borobudur tomorrow.” Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to school today. Anne told Agus: “My father got angry with me last night. INDIRECT They said to me that they were going to visit Borobudur the following day. Jeffry said that he hadn’t gone to school that day. Anne told Agus that her father had got angry with her the night before.

44. STATEMENT E XCEPTION : I F THE INTRODUCTORY SENTENCE IS IN THE P RESENT T ENSE, THERE WON ’ T BE ANY CHANGES IN THE R EPORTED (I NDIRECT ) SPEECH. DIRECT Cindy says: “ I will come to your house tonight.” Indra says: “I have seen that film for twice.” “Dessy says: “I meet my boyfriend every saturday.” Chandra says: “I don’t like sport.” INDIRECT Cindy says that she will come to my house tonight Indra says that he has seen that film for twice. Dessy says that she meets her boyfriend every Saturday. Chandra says that he doesn’t like sport.

45. HE ASKED ME HE TOLD ME TO INFIVITIVE

46. COMMAND EXAMPLE DIRECT The teacher asked me: Open your book page 65!” Siska asked Manu: “give me a piece of paper”! “Ronny told him: “call me tonight! INDIRECT The teacher asked me to open my book page 65. Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper. Ronny told him to call him that night.

47. HE ASKED ME HE TOLD ME NOT TO INFIVITIVE

48. COMMAND EXAMPLE DIRECT Santy asked Edy: Don’t leave me alone anymore!” Valenxia asked Indra: “Don’t hurt me anymore”! “Subhan told them: “Don’t disturb me! INDIRECT Santy asked Edy not to leave her alone anymore. Valenxia asked Indra not to hurt her anymore. Subhan told them not to disturb him.

49. HE ASKED ME IF/WHETHER S + V + COMPLEMENT

50. A. Y ES /N O Q UESTION E XAMPLE DIRECT Ricky asked Henry: Does your father work near here?” Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: “have you collected your homework?” Dessy asked William: “can you accompany me to Lippo tonight? INDIRECT Ricky asked Henry if/whether his father worked near there. Mr. Bean asked Cyntia if/whether she had collected her homework. Dessy asked William if/whether he could accompany her to Lippo that night.

51. B. W H - Q UESTION E XAMPLE DIRECT The girl asked me: “Where Do you come from?” My father asked my brother: “Why did you arrive at home late last night?” Handy asked the girl: “what is your favorite movie star? INDIRECT The girl asked me where I came from. My father asked my brother why he had arrived at home late the night before Handy asked the girl what her favorite movie star was

52. DIRECT The students said to the teacher: “We haven’t done our assignment.” My uncle said to my sister: “I cannot come on your birthday party next month.” Patar asked Lina : “Do you love me?” My father asked me:”Have you prepared for your final exam? Anita told Ver: “Don’t tell me more about your boyfriend!” My friend asked her: “Stay with me forever!” My headmaster asked me: “ Where do you live?”

53. T URN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH. The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help me?’ The slave asked his master, ‘What have I done to deserve so severe a blow?’ ‘Can you speak English?’ she asked me. ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’ the judge said to the lawyer. ‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’ asked Ulysses.

54. K EY The poor man exclaimed whether none of them would help him. The slave asked his master what he had done to deserve so severe a blow. She asked me if I could speak English. The judge asked the lawyer if he had anything to say on behalf of the accused. Ulysses asked the little bird whether it had anything to tell him.

55. T URN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO DIRECT SPEECH. Mrs Phelps asked her if she knew she could take the books home with her. Matilda answered it was very nice of her to tell her. She said she would visit the library once every week. Mrs Phelps told her not to forget to return the old ones. Matilda asked Mrs Phelps if someone had borrowed 'Kim' from Rudyard Kipling. Mrs Phelps answered that she had had it for a few days.

56. K EY “DO YOU KNOW YOU CAN TAKE THE BOOKS HOME WITH YOU?” “IT IS VERY NICE OF YOU TO TELL ME.” “I WILL VISIT THE LIBRARY ONCE EVERY WEEK.” “DO NOT FORGET TO RETURN THE OLD ONES.” “HAS ANYONE BORROWED 'KIM' FROM RUDYARD KIPLING?” “I HAVE HAD IT FOR A FEW DAYS.”

57. IDIOM

58. refers to a phrase or expression that cannot be understood by knowing what the individual words in the phrase mean. W HAT IS AN IDIOM ?

59. 58 W HAT DOES THAT MEAN ? words are put together to make a clever phrase that means something other than what the individual words mean

60. 59 H UH ? For example: Barking up the wrong tree To misunderstand a situation and complain to a wrong person or blame a wrong thing

61. 60 C AN I SEE ANOTHER EXAMPLE ? Being Cool as a Cucumber means being very calm and relaxed even in a difficult situation

62. 61 O H, I GET IT … This is a humorous expression that is used when you found out someone else was thinking about the same thing as you were.

63. 62 T RY THESE ON YOUR OWN … You got it…a couch potato. It’s usually someone laying around a lot!!! Now try this one….

64. 63 C AN YOU GUESS THIS ONE ? Very good, it’s… putting your foot in your mouth. It means that you said something you shouldn’t have.

65. 64 T HIS IS A LITTLE MORE DIFFICULT … Did you guess it? I bet you did…it’s… cat’s got your tongue. It means that you don’t know what to say.

66. 65 S EE IF YOU CAN FIGURE THESE OUT …. On a ball A dog’s life Holy Cow Proud as a peacock

67. 66 C AN YOU FIND SOME ON YOUR OWN ? Get with a partner and see how many you can find. Remember to illustrate them Be creative

68. You certainly couldn't call him modest because he's always blowing his own trumpet. (a) saying how fit he is (b) saying how healthy he is (c) saying how clever he is (d) saying how tall he is You can always rely on him to throw a spanner in the works and suddenly everything stops. (a) make things go wrong (b) make things go slowly (c) make things go quickly (d) make things go right

69. He tried and tried and tried but in the end he decided the time had come to throw in the towel. (a) stop running (b) stop looking (c) stop laughing (d) stop trying My advice is to stop worrying about it and put your best foot forward. (a) make a step (b) make an effort (c) make a start (d) make a try

70. E XPANSION OF P ROVERBS Variety is the spice of life. Doing a lot of different things makes life more interesting Nothing ventured, nothing gained.

71. P RECIS WRITING The medieval period was the period of the Imperial Cholas when the entire south India was under a single administration. The period between the eleventh and the thirteenth centuries, during which the Chola power was at its peak, there were relatively few foreign incursions and the life for the Tamil people was one of peace and prosperity. It also provided the opportunity for the people to interact with cultures beyond their own, as the Cholas ruled over most of the South India, Sri Lanka and traded with the kingdoms in southeast Asia. The Cholas built numerous temples, mainly for their favourite god Siva, and these were celebrated in numerous hymns. The Prabhanda became the dominant form of poetry. The religious canons of Saiva and Vaishnava sects were beginning to be systematically collected and categorised. CholasSiva PrabhandaSaivaVaishnava

72. Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a contemporary of Rajaraja Chola I, collected and arranged the books on Saivism into eleven books called Tirumurais. The hagiology of Saivism was standardised in Periyapuranam (also known as Tiruttondar Puranam ) by Sekkilar, who lived during the reign of Kulothunga Chola II (1133–1150 CE). Religious books on the Vaishnava sect were mostly composed in Sanskrit during this period. The great Vaishnava leader Ramanuja lived during the reigns of Athirajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I, and had to face religious persecution from the Cholas who belonged to the Saiva sect. One of the best know Tamil work of this period is the Ramavatharam by Kamban who flourished during the reign of Kulottunga III.. Rajaraja Chola ISaivism Periyapuranam Kulothunga Chola IIVaishnava SanskritRamanuja Athirajendra CholaKulothunga Chola I Ramavatharam Kamban

73. Ramavatharam is the greatest epic in Tamil Literature, and although the author states that he followed Valmiki, his work is not a mere translation or even an adaptation of the Sanskrit epic. Kamban imports into his narration the colour and landscape of his own time. A contemporary of Kamban was the famous poetess Auvaiyar who found great happiness in writing for young children. Her works, Athichoodi and Konraiventhan are even now generally read and taught in schools in Tamil Nadu. Her two other works, Mooturai and Nalvali were written for slightly older children. All the four works are didactic in character. They explain the basic wisdom that should govern mundane lifeAuvaiyar

74. H EADLINE EXPANSION Chhota shakeel men held for Dey’s murder Monsoon advancing in north India

75. L ETTER WRITING Police officers found a live cobra in the bag of a passenger at Calcutta airport on Wednesday night. the police said the passenger was on his way to Bangkok from Calcutta. When a police officer wanted to know during the security check what was in the bag, the passenger replied that he was carrying food. The police officer suspected that it was something else. As he opened the bag and put his hand inside, the cobra raised its hood. The passenger put the snake inside the bag and was led out of the frisking area. He later claimed that he was a magician. the snake which was about 3 ½ feet long was handed over to his father who had gone to see him off. He was fined Rs. 500 by the Customs officials for carrying the snake without permission. the police said he was released after the officials were satisfied with his testimonials.

76. W RITE ANY ONE LETTER BASED ON THE ABOVE ARTICLE : Be yourself. You were standing in line just behind this man when the snake was discovered. Write a letter to your friend telling her what happened. Describe your feelings about the incident. How do you feel about the punishment given to the man? BUSINESS LETTER-Be the policeman who discovered the snake. Write to your supervising officer, describing the event and complaining that the Custom Officials only fined the offender a mere Rs.500. You do not consider this a sufficiently strict punishment.

77. P HRASES

78. A phrase is a group of words that does not make complete sense. It usually begins with a prepositions. example : in the middle, at the corner

79. P ICK OUT ANY FIVE PHRASES FROM THE FOLLOWING M ICHAEL J ACKSON ’ S SONG : As I, Turn Up The Collar On My Favourite Winter Coat This Wind Is Blowing in My Mind I See The Kids In The Street, With Not Enough To Eat Who Am I, To Be Blind? Pretending Not To See Their Needs

80. A Summer's Disregard, A Broken Bottle Top And A One Man's Soul They Follow Each Other On The Wind You' Know 'Cause They Got Nowhere To Go That's Why I Want you to know. I'm Starting With The Man In The Mirror I'm Asking Him To Change His Ways

81. And No Message Could Have Been Any Clearer If You Want Make The World A Better Place (If You Want Make The World A Better Place) Take A Look At Yourself, And Then Make A Change (Take A Look At Yourself, And Then Make A Change)