1. Types of Immunity Case Study Jagraj Brar

2. Basics Antigen- foreign substance in the body Antibody- fight antigens: IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM Alpha Delta Epsilon Gamma Mu

3. 10 Antigen binding sites. 4 antigen binding sites 2 antigen binding sites

4. Introduction Immunity is the ability of the body to resist becoming infected upon exposure to any antigen. Some various types include: -Passive immunity (Artificially & Naturally) -Herd immunity -Active immunity (Artificially & Naturally): InnateAcquired -Cellular immunity -Humoral immunity

5. Passive Immunity Naturally Acquired - Occurs during pregnancy, - Certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream - IgG can cross the placenta Artificially Acquired -A short-term immunization -The injection of antibodies, that are not produced by the recipient's cells.

6. Herd Immunity Protection of any one individual from a disease following the principal, that everyone around him/her is immune Hence no direct exposure to the disease.

7. Virologists have found that when a certain percentage of a population is vaccinated, the spread of the disease is effectively stopped. This critical percentage, called the herd immunity threshold. [1] [1] Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR (editors) (2006). "Chapter 4: Vaccine-preventable Diseases". Priorities in Health: Disease Control Priorities Companion Volume. World Bank Publications. "Chapter 4: Vaccine-preventable Diseases"

8. Active Immunity Naturally Acquired - Expose to live pathogen - Development of disease - Immunity develops due to primary immune response 2 Types: Innate & Acquired Artificially Acquire -Vaccine containing antigen -Simulates the primary immune response -No development of disease

9. Active Immunity Innate Naturally occurring Non-Specific Immediate response Can kill many microrganisms at a time Present at birth 2 types: -Humoral -Cell Mediated

10. Humoral immunity (Innate) 1)Complement system 2)Interferons (prevent spread of virus) 3)Natural killer cells

11. MAC Opsonization by C3b targets foreign particles for phagocytosis Membrane attack complex

12. Interferon Virally infected cell Non-viral infected cell Blue= Interferon Coat

14. Cell Mediated (Innate) 1)Neutrophils 2)Monocytes 3)Macrophages

16. Active Immunity Acquired Specific antibodies are raised against the previous microrganism. Can only kill microrganism one at a time. 2 Types: Humoral – B Lymphocytes Cell Mediated- T Lymphocytes

17. Humoral immunity (Acquired) B-Lymphocytes Origin Function Types

18. Origin of B-Lymphocytes The abbreviation "B", in B cell, originally stood for bursa of Fabricius in birdsbursa of Fabricius Now stands for bone because in mammals, immature B cells are formed in the bone marrow

19. Functions of B-Lymphocytes B-cells have IgM Antibody B-cell receptor will bind to one particular antigen B-cell comes across antigen causes the B- cell to receive a signal from T-helper cell to form: Plasma B Cells OR Memory B Cells

20. Plasma B- Cells Large B-cells Activated (already exposed to antigen) and secreting large amounts of antibodies. Make microbes easy targets for phagocytes and activation of complement system “Antibody Factories” Short lived cells which undergo apoptosis after antigen is eliminated.

21. Memory B-Cells Activated B-cells Specific to the antigen encountered during the primary immune response Cells are able to live for a long time and can quickly respond during a second exposure to the same antigen, Hence the name Memory cells

22. c major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

23. Cell Mediated Immunity (Acquired) T-Lymphocytes T=“Thymus” When come in contact with antigen, they release cytokines which help convert t-cells into: 3 Types:  Tc – Cytotoxic T Cells  Th- Helper T Cells  Ts- Suppressor T Cells

24. Clinical correlations Autoimmune Diseases. T-cell disorders B-cell disorders Immunodeficiency (AIDS) SCID- Severe combined immunodeficiency

25. Autoimmune diseases: Arise from an overactive immune response. Body begins to attack substances and tissues that are normally present in the body Can be restricted to certain organs or tissues or it can be in many places of the body. Treatment is immunosupression- which is a medication which decreases the immune response. Examples include: Lupus, Goodpastures etc.

26. Disorders of T cells: DiGeorge’s syndrome ABSENT, FEW OR ABNORMAL T-CELLS Large deletion of chromosome 22. Congenital thymic dysplasia absence or hypoplasia of thymus, parathyroid glands Symptoms include: heart defects, effects on facial appearance, and lack of or underdeveloped thymus and parathyroid glands.

27. DiGeorge’s syndrome Hypertelorism Micrognathia Short philtrum Fish mouth Antimongoloid slant Low-set ears Cleft palate Hypocalcaemia Treatment: Bone Marrow Transplant

28. Disorders of B cells: X-Linked Infantile Hypogammaglobulinemia Most severe B-cell immunodeficiency Defective BTK Gene: Tyrosine Kinase Symptoms: Decreased/Absent b-cells Decreased/Absent immunoglobulins Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections Treatment: Bone Marrow Transplant.

29. SCID- Severe combined immunodeficiency Disorders of lymphoid stem cells Defects in both humoral and cellular mediated immunity T-cells & B-cells 1: 100,000 births Lack of lymphoid cells: thymus, peripheral lymphoid organs Death due to infections at 1 yr of age

30. David Vetter: the BUBBLE BOY

31. References 1)"Active and Passive Immunity." Active and Passive Immunity. 2007. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright ©. 6 June 2009. 2)"The Complement System." The Complement System. 22 Sept. 2007. 6 June 2009. 3)Guyton, C., and John E. Hall. The Textbook of Medical Physiology. Vol. 11. Elsevier Inc. 4)Hull, Dr. "Immunity, types of." Night, Night! Dr. Hull's Common Sense Sleep Solutions. 06 June 2009. 5) [1] Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR (editors) (2006). "Chapter 4: Vaccine-preventable Diseases". Priorities in Health: Disease Control Priorities Companion Volume. World Bank Publications."Chapter 4: Vaccine-preventable Diseases" 6) Dr. Prasad. Immune system classifications. Pre-Med 2- Physiology. 2008.