1. Environmental Chemistry B Focus on Soil Lin Wozniewksi Lin Wozniewksilwoz@iun.edu

2. Safety Students must wear: Students must wear: Closed shoes Closed shoes Slacks or skirts that come to the ankles Slacks or skirts that come to the ankles Lab coat or lab apron Lab coat or lab apron Indirect vent or unvented chemical splash proof goggles. No impact glasses or visorgogs are permitted Indirect vent or unvented chemical splash proof goggles. No impact glasses or visorgogs are permitted

3. Students can bring Calculator Calculator 1 sheet of paper on which anything handwritten is acceptable 1 sheet of paper on which anything handwritten is acceptable Sheets will be collected at the end of the event Sheets will be collected at the end of the event A writing instrument A writing instrument

4. Supervisors will provide The instruments The instruments The materials to test The materials to test Any calibration curves necessary Any calibration curves necessary Any other testing materials necessary Any other testing materials necessary Instructions on how to use instrumentation or test kits. Instructions on how to use instrumentation or test kits.

5. Main Focus  Soil Nutrients  pH  Fertilizers  Effects of soil Temperature  What plants need  Contaminants  How to prepare students  Resources

6. Soil Nutrients 3 Main classes of nutrients 3 Main classes of nutrients Absolutely necessary Absolutely necessary Nitrogen Nitrogen Phosphorous Phosphorous Potash Potash Vital Vital Calcium Calcium Magnesium Magnesium Sulfur Sulfur Trace Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Boron, Copper, Molybdenum Chlorine, Silicon, Nickel, Cobalt

7. Soil Testing Test kits are available at local garden centers and Sears costing from ~$3-5. Often enough material for several tests are included Test kits are available at local garden centers and Sears costing from ~$3-5. Often enough material for several tests are included Numbers are not usually given, just very low, low, optimum, and above. Numbers are not usually given, just very low, low, optimum, and above. Even professional soil testers will give not only the numbers (which will vary from laboratory to laboratory and hence are unreliable) will also give the results in terms of very low, low, optimum, high. Even professional soil testers will give not only the numbers (which will vary from laboratory to laboratory and hence are unreliable) will also give the results in terms of very low, low, optimum, high.

8. pH Many plants need a slightly acidic soil Many plants need a slightly acidic soil The natural pH of most water is about 6 because of the carbon dioxide dissolved in it. The natural pH of most water is about 6 because of the carbon dioxide dissolved in it. Some flowers like hydrangeas have different colored flowers in different pH soils Some flowers like hydrangeas have different colored flowers in different pH soils Many plants produce natural indicators that change colors in different pH’s Many plants produce natural indicators that change colors in different pH’s

9. Calcium and Magnesium Both Calcium and Magnesium are vital to proper plant growth Both Calcium and Magnesium are vital to proper plant growth Neither are tested for in a standard NPK soil test kit Neither are tested for in a standard NPK soil test kit Can be tested for by testing a digested sample Can be tested for by testing a digested sample

10. Remediation To raise the pH of acidic soils (below pH 5.8), add lime (limestone) To raise the pH of acidic soils (below pH 5.8), add lime (limestone) To lower the pH of basic soils (above pH 8.3) that do not contain free carbonate, add sulfur. To lower the pH of basic soils (above pH 8.3) that do not contain free carbonate, add sulfur. Since limestone is a combination of calcium and magnesium carbonate, it can be added to increase the carbonate level if necessary. Since limestone is a combination of calcium and magnesium carbonate, it can be added to increase the carbonate level if necessary.

11. Fertilizers NPK Fertilizers are only concerned with the 3 Absolutely Necessary ingredients NPK Fertilizers are only concerned with the 3 Absolutely Necessary ingredients Nitrogen in the form of Ammonia (NH 3 ) and Nitrate (NO 3 - ) Nitrogen in the form of Ammonia (NH 3 ) and Nitrate (NO 3 - ) Phosphorous (Usually in the form P 2 O 5 ) Phosphorous (Usually in the form P 2 O 5 ) Potash (K + ) (Usually as K 2 O) Potash (K + ) (Usually as K 2 O) The numbers on the bag tell the weights of each ingredient, in that order The numbers on the bag tell the weights of each ingredient, in that order There are lots of different fertilizers for various purposes There are lots of different fertilizers for various purposes

12. Fertilizers MaterialNP2O5P2O5 (%) K 2 O MgOS Ammonium Nitrate350000 Ammonium Sulfate2100024 Calcium Nitrate15.50000 Diammonium Phosphate1846000 Monoammonium phosphate1152000 Muriate of Potash006000 Potassium Nitrate13.504400 SKMG or SULPOMAG00221822 Sulphate of Potash0050018 Single Super Phosphate0220014 Triple Super Phosphate046000 Urea460000

13. Effect of Temperature Water has a very high specific heat because of the hydrogen bonding Water has a very high specific heat because of the hydrogen bonding This means it can store a lot of heat in the bonds This means it can store a lot of heat in the bonds Moist soils will not warm up or cool off as fast as dry soils Moist soils will not warm up or cool off as fast as dry soils Most plants prefer an optimal temperature for maximum growth-they will not grow properly if too hot or too cold Most plants prefer an optimal temperature for maximum growth-they will not grow properly if too hot or too cold

14. What Plants Need The Nitrogen is used for green leaves The Nitrogen is used for green leaves The Phosphorus is used for strength and the root system The Phosphorus is used for strength and the root system The Potash is used for fruits. The Potash is used for fruits. Most plants need a neutral pH around 6-6.5 Most plants need a neutral pH around 6-6.5 Plants need balanced nutrition and not just NPK fertilizers Plants need balanced nutrition and not just NPK fertilizers

15. Fertilizer Good or Bad A good fertilization plan can be more beneficial for the environment than no fertilization A good fertilization plan can be more beneficial for the environment than no fertilization A properly applied fertilization program will promote plant growth which will prevent soil erosion A properly applied fertilization program will promote plant growth which will prevent soil erosion Proper fertilization means only applying what is necessary and not over applying Proper fertilization means only applying what is necessary and not over applying

16. Contaminants Are metals contaminants or trace nutrients? Are metals contaminants or trace nutrients? It depends on the concentrations It depends on the concentrations Some copper, iron, etc. are necessary for plant development. Some copper, iron, etc. are necessary for plant development. Plants take the metal ions up in their structure and can be used to bio-remediate area, but then the plants can not be used for food. Plants take the metal ions up in their structure and can be used to bio-remediate area, but then the plants can not be used for food.

17. Preparation of Soil Samples Normally to test for metal ions, the soils must be refluxed in concentrated nitric acid for about 24 hours to remove the metals to be tested for Normally to test for metal ions, the soils must be refluxed in concentrated nitric acid for about 24 hours to remove the metals to be tested for Then the liquid is diluted. Then the liquid is diluted. Most of the ions are not colored and therefore need a reagent that when combined with the metal ions will be colored so the solution can be put in a colorimeter. Most of the ions are not colored and therefore need a reagent that when combined with the metal ions will be colored so the solution can be put in a colorimeter. Since this is time consuming and dangerous, it may be advantageous to “fake” the materials to be tested for. Since this is time consuming and dangerous, it may be advantageous to “fake” the materials to be tested for.

18. Preparation of Test Materials Food coloring makes an extremely good coloring agent. Food coloring makes an extremely good coloring agent. If dilute enough, students would be hard pressed with the naked eye to tell the difference between a liter of water with a drop of red food coloring and an iron(III) solution with phenanthrolene added If dilute enough, students would be hard pressed with the naked eye to tell the difference between a liter of water with a drop of red food coloring and an iron(III) solution with phenanthrolene added Students would have a tough time telling with the naked eye the difference between a solution of copper(II) ion and a dilute solution of water and blue food coloring. Students would have a tough time telling with the naked eye the difference between a solution of copper(II) ion and a dilute solution of water and blue food coloring. Black food coloring makes an extremely good base to hide other colors in. Black food coloring makes an extremely good base to hide other colors in.

19. How To Prepare Students Practice Practice In teams In teams With soil test kits With soil test kits With instruments With instruments With calibration curves With calibration curves Make notes Make notes

20. How to Prepare Students Have students research Have students research Fertilizers Fertilizers Plant nutrients Plant nutrients Environmental effects Environmental effects Trace nutrients Trace nutrients

21. Resources Nutrient depleation http://www.youngevity.ca/misc/mineral_depletion.p hp Nutrient depleation http://www.youngevity.ca/misc/mineral_depletion.p hp http://www.youngevity.ca/misc/mineral_depletion.p hp http://www.youngevity.ca/misc/mineral_depletion.p hp Activity - http://www- tc.pbs.org/saf/1301/teaching/teach2.pdf Activity - http://www- tc.pbs.org/saf/1301/teaching/teach2.pdfhttp://www- tc.pbs.org/saf/1301/teaching/teach2.pdfhttp://www- tc.pbs.org/saf/1301/teaching/teach2.pdf With Acid Rain http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004- 03/uom-ars032604.php# With Acid Rain http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004- 03/uom-ars032604.php# http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004- 03/uom-ars032604.php# http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004- 03/uom-ars032604.php# Tomato Plant nutrient requirements http://www.wikihow.com/Grow-a-Tomato-Plant Tomato Plant nutrient requirements http://www.wikihow.com/Grow-a-Tomato-Plant http://www.wikihow.com/Grow-a-Tomato-Plant Reading Fertilizer Labels http://www.wikihow.com/Read-a-Fertilizer-Label Reading Fertilizer Labels http://www.wikihow.com/Read-a-Fertilizer-Label http://www.wikihow.com/Read-a-Fertilizer-Label

22. Resources Effects of nutrient deficiency on plants http://www.uga.edu/vegetable/home.html Effects of nutrient deficiency on plants http://www.uga.edu/vegetable/home.html http://www.uga.edu/vegetable/home.html Soil Testing http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p =LawnGarden/soiltest.html Soil Testing http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p =LawnGarden/soiltest.html http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p =LawnGarden/soiltest.html http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p =LawnGarden/soiltest.html Soil Test Kits http://www.shopping.com/xDN- garden--soil_testing_kits-price_range_10_20 Soil Test Kits http://www.shopping.com/xDN- garden--soil_testing_kits-price_range_10_20http://www.shopping.com/xDN- garden--soil_testing_kits-price_range_10_20http://www.shopping.com/xDN- garden--soil_testing_kits-price_range_10_20 Fertilizer Numbers http://www.agroservicesinternational.com/index.htm l Fertilizer Numbers http://www.agroservicesinternational.com/index.htm l http://www.agroservicesinternational.com/index.htm l http://www.agroservicesinternational.com/index.htm l

23. Rescources Instrument labs Instrument labs http://education.ti.com/educationportal/activityex change/activity_list.do?cid=us http://education.ti.com/educationportal/activityex change/activity_list.do?cid=us

24. Questions? Thank You Thank You