1. Family Homecoming Special Event "Can Climate Engineering Serve as a Complementary Step to Aggressive Mitigation?" ¨Dr. Michael MacCracken, The Climate Institute, Washington, DC ¨Friday, Sept. 25 at 4:00 pm in Olin 1, with cookies

2. Hydrologic Cycle

3. Annual Precipitation, Washington State

4. The Atmosphere’s Energy Read Anthes chapter 3

5. Energy is the ability to do work Units are mass x distance 2 / time 2 Potential energy: E = mgh Kinetic energy: E = 1/2 mv 2 Heat energy: sensible and latent Radiant energy: visible and infrared

6. Laws of Thermodynamics 1. Conservation of energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it is transformed. you can't take out of a system more than you put in. you can't win 2. The entropy of the universe is continually increasing. perpetual motion and a heat engine with 100% efficiency are both impossible. you can't break even 3. It is impossible to attain absolute zero or absolute 0 entropy. you can't even get out of the game

7. Energy transformation example: Hydroelectric power plant

8. More complete picture:

9. Solar power (drives hydrologic cycle) Potential energy (water stored in reservoir) Kinetic energy (spillway) Mechanical energy (spinning turbines) Electrical energy (transmitted over wires) Lightbulbs (converts energy to light) Waste heat (IR) is lost to space

10. Transfer of Energy Conduction-- Molecular motion Convection -- Mass transfer vertical Advection -- Mass transfer horizontal Latent heat -- Ice and liquid phases Radiation -- SW and LW photons

11. Conduction (molecular motion) Thermal conductivity is the ability of a substance to transfer heat via molecular motion. Measured in units of cal/sec/cm/ o C Conductivity of solids > liquids > gases. Silver (good conductor) = 1.0 Water (1000 times worse)= 1.4 x 10 -3 Ice = 5.3 x 10 -3 Air (good insulator) = 6.1 x 10 -5

12. Convection and Advection (mass transfer) Rising air currents (thermals) carry sensible heat and latent heat from the surface into the upper air. Winds (advection) carry sensible heat and latent heat (moisture) into northern latitudes. Ocean currents transfer warmer waters to northern latitudes and vice-versa.

13. The Electromagnetic Radiation Every object in the universe emits radiation. From 10 12 cm radio waves to 10 -12 cm gamma rays

14. Stefan-Boltzmann Law Hotter bodies emit more total energy than colder bodies. The total energy of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of temperature. E tot =  T 4

15. Compare energy emitted by Sun  and Earth  Energy emitted per unit of surface area: E  / E  =  T 4  /  T 4  = (6000 / 300) 4 = 20 4 = 1.6 x 10 5 Energy emitted by the entire surface Multiply by R 2  / R 2  = (100/1) 2 = 10 4 So Sun emits 1.6 x 10 9 more energy than Earth

16. Power in watts Sun 3.6 × 10 26 Total human consumption, global1.3 × 10 13 Total human consumption, US3.2 × 10 12 Large commercial power plant10 9 to 10 10 human, daily average from diet100 (one light bulb) per capita world 2 x 10 3 (20 lightbulbs) per capita US 10 4 (100 lightbulbs)

18. Planck energy distribution curve (energy density per unit time per unit wavelength)

19. Wein’s Law The wavelength of maximum emission depends inversely on a body’s Kelvin temperature. max = 2897/T (microns) Emission from hotter bodies peaks at shorter wavelengths. What is max for the Sun? max  = C/T = 2897/ 6000 = 0.48 microns = yellow visible light What is max for the Earth? max  = C/T = 2897/ 300 = 10,1 microns = infrared

20. Trace gases absorb radiation at selected wavelenghts. Atmosphere is transparent to sunlight at 0.5  m and to IR at 10  m

21. Net result

22. Make a heat budget at the top and bottom of the atmosphere

23. \ Top of atmosphere: Gains = Losses 100 SW - 31.3 SW - 68.7 LW = 0 Surface: 7.6 SW + 43.2 SW + 98 LW - 7.6 SW - 4.4 C - 22.8 E - 114 LW = 0 This is the average balance sheet -- Dynamic balance is never achieved!