1.  Final Test – multiple choice

2.  „Microeconomics 6e” Prentice Hall Publishing House, June 2004 ISBN: 0-13-191207-0  Czarny B. „Podstawy Ekonomii”  Begg D., „Economics”  http://www.ioz.pwr.wroc.pl/Pracownicy/Chodak/  http://windward.hawaii.edu/facstaff/briggs- p/Macroeconomics/macrolectures.htm  www.wikipedia.org

4. u When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning. u To have this number make sense, it is also best to look at income per person.

5.  For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: u Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. u Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller. u Say’s Law-Supply creates it’s own demand u This process can be seen using a Circular Flow Diagram.

6. Firms Households Market for Factors of Production Market for Goods and Services SpendingRevenue Wages, rent, and profit Income Goods & Services sold Goods & Services bought Labor, land, and capital Inputs for production

7.  Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.  It is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.  How much is the current GDP per capita?

8.  GDP (current U$)  GDP per capita (current U$)  GDP per capita (PPP-purchasing power parity)  GNI per capita (current U$)  GNI per capita (PPP)  GDP annual growth  Fertility rate  Life expectancy  Literacy rate

10. GDP is: GDP can be defined in three ways, all of which are conceptually identical. 1. First, it is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time (usually a 365-day year). 2. Second, it is equal to the sum of the value added at every stage of production (the intermediate stages) by all the industries within a country, plus taxes less subsidies on products, in the period. 3. Third, it is equal to the sum of the income generated by production in the country in the period—that is, compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, and gross operating surplus (or profits).

11.  In economics final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed rather than used in the production of another good.  For example, a car sold to a consumer is a final good;  The components such as tires sold to the car manufacturer are not; they are intermediate goods used to make the final good.

12.  Value added refers to the additional value of a commodity over the cost of commodities used to produce it from the previous stage of production.  It refers to the contribution of the factors of production, i.e., land, labour, and capital goods, to raising the value of a product and corresponds to the incomes received by the owners of these factors.  In national accounts such as the United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA), gross value added is obtained by deducting intermediate consumption from gross output. Thus gross value added is equal to net output.United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA)

14. u GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets. u GDP excludes services that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace. ä Caring labour, the work that is normally produced by women. ä Because GDP does not count it, it diminishes its importance. u GDP also excludes black market items, such as illegal drugs.

15.  Gross National Product (GNP)  Net National Product (NNP)  National Income  Personal Income  Disposable Personal Income

16. GDP ( Y ) is the sum of the following:  Consumption ( C )  Investment ( I )  Government Purchases ( G )  Net Exports ( NX ) Y = C + I + G + NX

17. Total (Billions of Dollars) Per Person (In Dollars) % of Total GDP (Y)$8,511$31,522100% Consumption C5,80821,51168% Investment I1,3675,50716% Government G1,4875,50718% Net Exports NX-151-559-2%

18. Net Exports -2 % Consumption 68 % Investment 16% Government Purchases 18%

19. ◦ We use real GDP to calculate the economic growth rate. ◦ The economic growth rate is the percentage change in the quantity of goods and services produced from one year to the next. ◦ We measure economic growth so we can make:  Economic welfare comparisons  International welfare comparisons  Business cycle forecasts

20.  Business Cycle Forecasts ◦ Real GDP is used to measure business cycle fluctuations.

21.  Nominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices.  Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.

22.  Deflating the GDP Balloon ◦ Nominal GDP increases because production—real GDP– increases.

23.  Deflating the GDP Balloon äNominal GDP also increases because prices rise.

24.  We use the GDP Deflator to take the air out of Nominal GDP.

25. (Periods of falling real GDP) 197019751980198519901995 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Billions of 1992 Dollars 2000 8,000