2. You’ve seen these listed in the Week 1 “Presentations”...

3. Let’s have a closer look...

4. 1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

5. 1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

6. American Anthropology cultural / social physical archaeology linguistics You’ve already seen the fourfold approach of American Anthropology...

7. cultural / social physical archaeology linguistics So... we’re going to have a look at the... Peoples and Cultures of Europe and their...

8. And you’ll see these fields with your term project...

9. 1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

10. “culture” is –learned –shared –transmitted from generation to generation –based on symbols –integrated Main Characteristics

11. “culture” –learned –shared –transmitted from generation to generation –based on symbols –integrated Main Characteristics some focus on the idea that it involves “shared understanding”

12. “culture” is not inherited (i.e., is not biological) is not “instinct” Main Characteristics

13. “cultures” are groups of people sharing a common heritage (and usually a common language) Main Characteristics

14. “cultures” are “integrated” -- an idea that was pioneered and emphasized by the “pioneer” anthropologist Ruth Benedict Main Characteristics Ruth Fulton Benedict 1887-1948 Patterns of Culture 1934

15. Ruth Fulton Benedict 1887-1948 Patterns of Culture 1934

16. “cultures” are integrated Interact and change –the idea that some cultures (like “hunting and gathering” cultures, or the Amish) do not change is not correct Main Characteristics

17. The Concept of Culture Microculture –are smaller groups with distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –some people like to think of these as “local cultures”

18. The Concept of Culture Microculture –are smaller groups with distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –some people like to think of these as “local cultures”

19. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Greek-Americans – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Australian Aboriginals –e.g., Cajun –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

20. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Greek-Americans – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Australian Aboriginals –e.g., Cajun –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture local groups generally strive to preserve their cultural identity

21. The Concept of Culture microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques – e.g., Kurds – e.g., Australian Aboriginals local groups generally strive to preserve their cultural identity with... language food religion clothing cultural symbols

22. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Greek-Americans – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Australian Aboriginals –e.g., Cajun –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

23. Microculture

25. A Taste of Greece 22 nd Annual Food Festival 2014

26. A Taste of Greece 22 nd Annual Food Festival 2014

27. A Taste of Greece 22 nd Annual Food Festival 2014 The “Zorba” begins with a low sweeping motion. Eva Sevastiades, 19, Megan Solem, 15, and Tess Sevastiades, 15, start to dance. (Photo by Patra Sevastiades)

28. A Taste of Greece 22 nd Annual Food Festival 2014 Dima Sevastiades, Styli Regas and Demetri Bush wear their dance costumes for the Taste of Greece. (Photo by Patra Sevastiades)

29. “Greek Coffee”

31. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Greek-Americans – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Australian Aboriginals –e.g., Cajun –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

32. www.duluthnewstribune.com/articles/index.cfm?id=73293&section=homepage

33. www.worldlicenceplates.com/usa/US_MNXX.html You can probably see signs of this in your area...

34. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

35. The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People by George Gmelch 1985 Compare...

37. Microculture –a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –local cultures The Concept of Culture Macroculture a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking that crosses local boundaries, such as transnational culture and global culture

38. macrocultures can include groups across nations – e.g., Basques – e.g., Rom (Gypsies) – e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture... sometimes a people can be either a microculture or a macroculture, depending on how it is viewed...…

39. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

40. http://www.serpukhov.su/museum/yarosh_e.htm Gypsy Woman. 1886 Nikolai Yaroshenko. 1846 - 1898. Russia.

41. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Gitana Raimundo Madrazo 1841-1920

42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Roma boy in bear costume, part of entertainer team for working Christmas crowds. Budapest

43. www.romaniworld.com/gal41.htm Sándor Buffo Rigó Tata Gypsy Band Budapest Gypsy Orchestra

44. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

45. macrocultures can include groups across nations – e.g., Basques – e.g., Rom (Gypsies) – e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture

46. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/index.html#title

47. http://www.cicloturisme-adac.net/a-entrada.htm

48. http://www.flickr.com/photos/32744903@N00/2396901250 Plaça Catalunya Barcelona

49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalunya

50. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/index.html#title

51. Sami reindeer herder in Sweden 23 October 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people

52. A Sami (Lapp) family in Norway between 1890(1890) and 1900.

53. macrocultures can include groups across nations – e.g., Basques – e.g., Rom (Gypsies) – e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture

54. microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – Aztec – Maya – Zapata – Mixtec – Otomi – Tarascan – Yaqui – Tarahumara... The Concept of Culture contemporary and prehistoric

55. 1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach development and structure 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

56. comparative method –as a major approach to the study of human behavior –the comparative method compares things Main Characteristics Compare...

57. comparative method –One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954) Main Characteristics Compare...

58. comparative method –One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison ” American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954) Main Characteristics Compare...

59. comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process Main Characteristics Compare...

60. comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process Main Characteristics Compare... process essentially refers to how things change or how things came to be the way they are now

61. the comparative method compares things for e.g.... Main Characteristics Compare...

62. for e.g., we’re going to compare three Greek villages... Kypseli Vasilika Peter Loizos’ village in Crete

63. and... Karporfora (Stan Aschenbrenner) Thessalonikia (Salonika) Duluth, Minnesota

64. Villages in the Republic of Ireland (the textbook, Nan) Villages in Italy (A Crisis of Births, by Krause) and...

65. Inish Óirr, in the Aran Islands, off the west coast of Ireland Gyönk, and other villlages in Hungary Italy and...

66. and items like “culture bound syndromes” are compared with similar phenomena that are thought to be “universal”.... Main Characteristics Compare...

67. comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process Main Characteristics Compare...

68. the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

69. the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

70. the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

71. the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

72. Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 342. rice 7,000 ybp manioc 4,200 ybp maize 4,200 ybp wheat 10,500 ybp millet 4,000 ybp Compare...

73. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production Neolithic Chapter 14 Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed. “Food Production” A Biocultural Revolution

74. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic

75. Early Neolithic sites Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 349. Compare...

76. The Neolithic Revolution = The Agriculture Revolution

77. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production Neolithic

78. Mehrgarh One of the earliest Neolithic settlements of southern Asia, Pakistan Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p. 352. Compare...

79. 1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

80. American Anthropology cultural / social physical (bio-physical) archaeology linguistics Holism tries to put all of the pieces together...

81. let’s have a look at that on the “Anthropology and... Its Parts” chart...

82. NOTE: Usually anthropologists read charts from the bottom up That has to do with the fact that in archaeology the oldest layers are at the bottom of a site and the newer ones are on top

84. cultural / social physical archaeology linguistics So... we’re going to have a look at the... Peoples and Cultures of Europe and their...

86. NOTE: There are four levels... (REM: read from the bottom up)

91. HOLISM Involves all four levels and all of the physical and cultural components combined

92. holism

94. Anthropology

95. ... and the two main divisions of Anthropology are bio-physical and cultural...

96. Anthropology Bio-physical

97. Anthropology Socio-cultural Bio-physical

98. ... biophysical involves things like...

99. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance Europeans are some of the few peoples of the world that can drink milk without getting sick

100. ... but ultimately anthropologists seek to study phenomena in terms of both physical and cultural aspects...

101. ... but ultimately anthropologists seek to study phenomena in terms of both physical and cultural aspects...... as well as other aspects, for e.g., the psychological...

102. www.eatingdisorderfoundation.org/EatingDisorders.htm “Eating Disorders are about feelings, not food.” The Eating Disorder Foundation

103. ... and that ultimately involves lots of subdisciplines...

104. holism

106. physical measuring

107. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction...

108. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation

109. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,...

110. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,...

111. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures...

112. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age...

113. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums...

114. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics......

115. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics...... structural and historic linguistics...

116. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics...... structural and historic linguistics... Bio-physical

117. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics...... structural and historic linguistics... Bio-physical Cultural |

118. physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics...... structural and historic linguistics... Bio-physical Cultural | Anthropology

119. physical measuring Cultural Anthropology body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics...... structural and historic linguistics... excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... Bio-physical Our Main Emphasis in Anthropology of Europe

120. some examples of holistic comparative work include...

121. In some ways this chart business is all about Theory but key theory that is important to the understanding of the Anthropology of Europe

122. holism theory

123. holism theory including results of interdisciplinary study, esp. with history, art history, political science, sociology, business and economics...

124. 1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique -- involving “participant observation” Main Characteristics of Anthropology

125. Note two terms in the “major characteristics of anthropology” listing...

126. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4. fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” Main Characteristics

127. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4. fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” Main Characteristics what’s the difference?

128. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool

129. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool data gathering technique — participant observation (fieldwork)

130. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool Anthropologists use other tools... like questionnaires, interview schedules, psychological tests, documentary filming... but “participant observation” is a characteristic technique use by anthropologists, especially cultural anthropologists (ethnologists)

131. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool Anthropologists use other tools... like questionnaires, interview schedules, psychological tests, documentary filming... but “participant observation” is a characteristic technique use by anthropologists, especially cultural anthropologists (ethnologists) NOTE:

132. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool

133. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = approach = tool how you use information

134. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool

135. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool other tools include things like...

136. 1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool questionnaires interview schedules videotaping using “unobtrusive measures” after Marion Nestle, Food Politics, Rev. Ed., 2007, pp. 401-405

137. Anthropologists often like to use a research “technique” based on “unobtrusive measures”... (either in the field or elsewhere)

138. “unobtrusive measures” analysis of data available supply data analysis (production + imported - exported) (goods available for consumption) composition analysis... analysis of video and photographic materials analysis of cultural artifacts

139. But most of all (generally) Anthropologists LOVE...

140. 1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique -- involving “ participant observation” Main Characteristics of Anthropology

141. And as I mentioned in the “An Important Note on Videos and Visual Anthropology” note we would LOVE to take you along with us around the world, but the next best thing we can do is bring the world to you in the form of films and videos. And we’ll do a lot of that...