1. Bell Ringer

2. Freshwater reptile Mesosaurus
Fossils of a fresh water swimming reptile, Mesosaurus (Figure 2) have been found on the east coast of southern Brazil and the west coast of Africa. This reptile could not possibly have swum the 3,000-mile distance across the South Atlantic Ocean.
How could we possibly explain this?

3. Discovering Plate Tectonics: The Mystery of the Brachiosaurus
Mystery of the Brachiosaurus Uncovered

4. Puzzle Key and Landmasses
Try to figure out how to answer the question of how Mesosaurus appeared on two continents
Assemble the pieces so that they fit together like a puzzle
When finished, raise your hand to be checked.
Answer the questions #1-5 in Part 1 on your worksheet

5. Continental Puzzle Analysis Questions
What made you put the puzzle pieces the way that you did? Were there any clues that helped you put the pieces a certain way?
What three kinds of evidence support Wegner’s theory that South America was at one time joined with Africa? Be specific! (hint: look at the key)
What dinosaur is found on almost every continent?
Since a dinosaur cannot swim, explain how a fossil can be found on all continents?  
It is generally considered that dinosaurs live in warm climates, yet fossil remains are found in Antarctica. How can this be explained?  

6. Convection Current Demonstration
Action of the Red Dye
What temperature was the red dye?
 In what direction did the red dye move?
 What do you think the density of the red dye is compared to the water? Why?
Foam Plates
What caused the foam plates to move?
 Describe the movement of the foam pieces when the dye started to rise. Could you see a pattern?

7. Topic: The Lithosphere, Pangaea, and Plate Tectonics

8. Continental Drift Cornell Notes
Key Terms
Notes
Summary:

9. 1. Q: What is the lithosphere made up of?
A: Crust and Upper Mantle

10. Continental Drift
Wegener came up with a theory in 1910 called Continental Drift.
His theory said that the continents had started as one big “super continent” called Pangea.

11. Continental Drift
Over millions of years, Pangaea broke apart into the 7 continents.

12. Continental Drift
During Pangaea, continents had completely different environments..

13. Evidence that supported Wegener’s Theory
Landforms
Example: Some mountain chains, have very similar rocks and structures (i.e., folds and faults) to mountain belts found on other continents
Fossil Evidence - There are many examples of fossils found on two continents that are currently separated by vast oceans
Example: Mesosaurus

14. Evidence that supported Wegener’s Theory
Climate
–Example: Glacial striations, the parallel "scrape" marks on rocks caused by moving glaciers, have been found on rocks in South America, Africa and Australia and are of similar orientation to striations found on Antarctica
Puzzle-like Fit of the Continents-in several cases, modern shorelines of continents look as though they were once joined
Example: Africa and South America are the best example of these “puzzle pieces”

15. Continental Drift Rejection
Scientists at the time rejected his theory because he could not come up with an explanation why the continents were actually moving.

16. Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics is the theory that the lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is made of moving plates that float on the mantle.
Convection currents cause magma in the asthenosphere to rise and sink.
The plates are slowly moving and bump into each other

18. Discovering Plate Tectonics: Changes in Earth’s Surface

19. Plate Tectonics: Understanding Earth’s Shifty Surface Versatile
Finish for homework
Write letter and word for answers
Cite evidence for each questions by highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer
All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading

20. Continental Drift Reading
“Draw a picture”- As I read the passage aloud, draw (pictures) of what you are hearing about evidence of continental drift. *Try to draw at least one picture per paragraph

21. Pangea Writing Prompt
You are Wegener’s defense attorney. Using your knowledge of the lithosphere, asthenosphere, Pangaea, and evidence for continental drift ( ), write two paragraphs that defend his hypothesis.
(Think: What do we know about the lithosphere? The asthenosphere? Pangea?)

22. Lithospheric Movement Review
What is Alfred Wagner’s hypothesis?
The continents have always been where they were now?
Today’s continents were once part of a single land mass that split apart
The continents are made of rock
The continents will one day join to form a single continent.
List three pieces of evidence for Pangaea:
What causes earth’s tectonic plates to move? Use the words density and convection current to explain what’s happening?

23. Bell Ringer Answer the following questions
Draw arrows convection currents in the mantle of the earth—label hot, cold and High density, Low density.
2. What is Pangaea?
3. Describe what causes the lithospheric plates to move.

24. Evidence
Our first evidence of tectonic motion is based on similar fossils and rock types on opposing sides of the ocean

25. Lithospheric Plates Review
The earth’s crust is divided into plates, and these plates move (that’s why Pangaea broke apart)
The plates move because of convection currents underneath the Earth (PLAY VIDEO!)
But other than Pangaea breaking apart, what happens when the plates move?

26. Types of Plate Boundaries
Plate Boundaries: Where two lithospheric plates meet
Divergent (what does “diverge” mean?)
Convergent (what does “converge” mean?)
Transform

27. Plate Boundaries Brainpop
Match the definitions with the words
For each geologic feature, write down which plate boundary could cause it. Use Convergent (C), Divergent (D), or Transform (T)

28. Plate Boundaries Tree Diagram
Types of Plate Boundaries
Divergent
Description
Landforms
Picture
Convergent
Transform

29. Tectonic Plates Versatiles
Finish for homework
Write letter and word for answers
Cite evidence for each questions by highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer
All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading

30. Bell Ringer
Scientists found fossils of identical creatures on Africa and South America. What does this tell you about the Earth?
Africa and South America are the same continent
Africa and South America used to be next to each other
All animals are on each continent
All of these animals can swim or fly long distances
Which of the following has caused the continents to spread apart?
The eruption of volcanoes
Huge plates moving underneath the ground have moved the continents apart
The shaking of the ground caused by earthquakes
The continents have always been spread apart.

31. Divergent Plate Boundaries
Divergent Video

32. Divergent Cornell Notes
Key Terms
Notes
Summary:

33. Divergent Boundary
When two plates move or spread apart from each other
Connection: What causes them to move apart from each other?
What hand motion would you use?

34. What does this actually look like?
Video 1:
And
Video 2:

35. Two Oceanic Plates Diverging
Causes Sea-Floor Spreading
As plates spread, magma comes up and cools and hardens, forming new crust.
As new rock piles on top of each other, mountain form under the ocean
Mid-ocean ridge- Mountain range on ocean floor

36. Age of Rocks
As the plates spread and magma hardens to form rocks—we get the newest rocks on Earth near diverging plates.

37. Two Continental Plates Diverging
Creates a Rift Valley or Ocean Basin
As the continental plates diverge, they sink and can fill with water making a sea!
--the Great Rift Valley, East Africa
--the Red Sea

38. Ireland: Hikers walk in the shadow of cliffs
Ireland: Hikers walk in the shadow of cliffs. The divergent Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, with the North American plate to the west and the Eurasian plate to the east.

39. Divergent Plates- Plates move apart
Oceanic
Continental
What happens
Sea-floor spreading happens and magma comes up and cools – forms new rock
Plates spread and then sink to form a basin (bowl shape) or rift valley
What forms
Mid-ocean ridges Example: the Mid-Atlantic ridge
Seas
Example: the Red Sea

40. Sea-Floor Spreading Lab
Using the model, answer the questions with your partner
When finished, begin “Divergent Homework”

41. Bell Ringer #4
Create a venn diagram that compares and contrasts continental plates diverging and oceanic plates diverging
Both
Continental
Oceanic

42. Divergent boundaries
Convergent boundaries
Transform boundaries
Today we are learning about CONVERGENT!

43. Convergent Boundaries
There are two things that can happen when two plates move towards one another
1. One sinks under the other and starts to melt
2. They both collide and start to crumble and pile up.

44. Types of Convergent Boundaries
Oceanic - Oceanic
Oceanic - Continental
Continental - Continental
The only difference between the two type of plates is the rock composition and the density.

45. Oceanic – Continental (subduction)
Oceanic plates is more dense than continental plate
Ocean lithospheric plate will always sink under (subduction) continental plates because it is more dense!
Volcanoes
Ring of Fire in Pacific
Ocean

46. Oceanic – Oceanic (subduction)
Same density;
Oldest plate will go under (subduction) younger plate
Trenches & Volcanoes
Mariana Trench
DRAW IT OUT!

47. Continental-Continental (collision)
Plates have the same density
Plates collide and crash into each other– lithosphere folds like wrinkles
Mountains
Himalayan Mountains

48. Types of Convergent Boundaries
Oceanic-Oceanic
Oceanic-Continental
Continental-Continental
Relative Density
Both have same density, but one is older
Oceanic is more dense than continental
Both have same density
What happens
Older plate goes under the other (subduction)
Ocean plate goes under the continental plate (subduction)
They hit each other and squish upwards
Landforms
Volcanoes and ocean trench
Exp: Mariana Trench
Volcanoes
Exp: Ring of Fire
Mountains
Exp: Himalaya Mountains

49. Convergent Plates

50. The Big Picture

51. Where are we going?
We appear to be headed for another super continent as North America, South America, Asia and Australia converge in the ever shrinking Pacific Ocean

52. Convergent Inquiry Lab
What does Map 1 represent or have on it (hint: look at the title and extras on the map)?
Location of volcanoes
What does Map 2 represent or have on it (hint: look at the title, key and colors)?
Plate boundaries: Red Convergent, Blue Divergent, Green Transform
Place Map 1 and Map 2 side by side.

54. Convergent Inquiry Lab
4. What do you notice now that the two maps are together?
The large clumps of volcanoes line up with the plate boundaries
5. What color line/boundary do the volcanoes line up with?
Red lines
6. What does this color mean (hint: look at the key)?
Convergent Plate Boundaries (2 plates are coming towards one another)
7. Why do you think that these plate boundary lines and volcano lines match up?
Volcanoes are formed at convergent boundaries/subduction zones

55. Convergent Inquiry Lab
Independently answer question 8
Based on what you have seen and what you know about Continental Drift and Convection Currents, how do you think volcanoes form?
When finished with #8, begin “Convergent Homework”

57. Bell Ringer #5
Explain what the Ring of Fire is and why it occurs in the Pacific Ocean.
Areas in the Pacific Ocean that contain large amount of volcanoes because plates are converging/subducting
What is happening to the sizes of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean? Explain.
Pacific ocean is getting smaller because it contains subduction zones; Atlantic ocean is getting larger because plates are diverging and new crust is being formed (Mid-Atlantic ridge)

58. Ring of Fire= Subduction Zones

59. Transform Plate Boundaries
Explaining the Phenomenon of Earthquakes

60. Divergent boundaries
Convergent boundaries
Transform boundaries
Today we are learning about TRANSFORM!

61. Earthquake Brainpop

62. Earth’s Structure Brainpop
How do earthquakes help scientists study the interior of the earth?
Seismic waves (earthquake waves) bend differently through different materials, so scientists observe the way the waves bend to determine the temperature, density, and composition of each layer

63. Transform K.I.M Chart
Key Term (K)
Information (I)
Memory Cue (M)

64. Transform boundaries Two plates slide past each other

65. Earthquakes
Occur at transform boundaries because great tension can build in the plates
Eventually the plates snap and release all of the stored tension and shake the earth

66. Faults Cracks in the earth crust that occur when plates snap
Example: San Andreas Fault (California)

67. Focus
The point deep underground in which the fault fails

68. Epicenter
Spot on earth’s surface directly above the focus

69. Seismograph
Instrument that detects, measures, and records various seismic waves (Primary, Secondary, and Surface waves)

70. Primary (P) Waves
Quickest wave and detected first; travel through solids, liquids, and gases

71. Secondary (S) Waves
Second fastest waves; only travels through solids

72. Surface Waves
Slowest and most damaging waves

73. Tsunami “Harbor Wave” in Japanese
Giant waves caused by earthquakes occurring on the ocean floor
Japanese Tsunami
Mega tsunami

74. Frequent Earthquake Areas
The pink lines show where transform boundaries exist:
News about Haiti:
HAITI
CALIFORNIA
JAPAN
INDIA

75. Think Earthquakes are rare?
Think again:
Over half a million magnitude 1 earthquakes a year!

76. Earthquake Versatiles
Finish for homework
Write letter and word for answers
Cite evidence for each questions by highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer
All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading

77. Transform Review 1. Draw a transform boundary.
2. What natural disaster or physical feature is caused at a transform plate boundary?
3. How are volcanoes and earthquakes related?

78. Bell Ringer
Classify the following as constructive (C), destructive (D), or both (B)
Volcanoes resulting in islands
Erosion
Deposition
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering

79. Plate Tectonics Gizmo
Volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and other features of Earth’s surface owe their origin to the movements of plates: enormous, slowly-moving sections of Earth’s crust. At plate boundaries, plates collide, move apart, move under or over each other, or slide past one another. The theory of plate tectonics describes how the plates move, interact, and change the physical landscape.
 Turn on Show labels. What are the layers of Earth that you can see?  
Turn on Boundary name, and click on each boundary. What four boundaries do you see?

80. Plate Boundary Organizer
When finished, organize the information about convergent (subduction and collision), divergent, and, transform boundaries using the information in your notebooks.
Homework if not finished in class.

81. Bell Ringer Moving together -Trenches Moving apart -Mountains
Write down the three words: Divergent, Transform, and Convergent
Put the words below under the correct term
Moving together -Trenches
Moving apart -Mountains
Sliding past -New crust
Earthquakes -Mid-Atlantic ridge
San Andreas Fault -Volcanoes

82. Snack Plate Tectonic Lab!
Follow directions and work hard or you won’t get to eat it!
Expectations!

83. Snack Tectonic Lab Questions
Like all labs, this comes with questions as well. When you are done performing the step, answer the questions.
If you fall behind, make sure you go back and complete the questions before turning in your lab.

85. 1:03

86. 1:32

88. 1:53

89. Snack Tectonic Lab Closure
From the lab questions, be prepared to share with the class your answers to question #16 and #17.
Homework: Plate Boundaries Map Worksheet (1/2)

90. Bell Ringer
Give one example of how plate movement directly affects the construction of earth’s surface (#16 on lab)
Give one example of how plate movement directly affects the destruction of earth’s surface (#17 on lab)

91. The Ocean Floor

92. The Ocean Floor Many of today’s continent’s were once underground
Georgia was under an inland sea hundreds of millions of years ago
Just like the continents, the ocean floor has mountains, valleys, volcanoes, and plains
How do we get information about the ocean floor?
ironment-news/us-ocean-floor-mapping-vin/

93. Ocean Floor Features
Continental Shelf: A long, gently inclined area where continent enters ocean
Continental Slope: Steep side of continental shelf that is the end of the continent

94. Ocean Floor Features
Mid ocean ridge= An underwater mountain range where new crust forms when plates move apart.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge-world’s longest ridge formed by the North and South American plates diverging from the Africa and Eurasian plate

95. Ocean Floor Features
Abyssal plain= flat areas on the ocean floor between the continental slope or trench and a mid- ocean ridge

96. Seamount: Underwater Volcano
Ocean Floor Features
Beach: Forms as a result of waves and currents moving sand and sediment toward the shore
Seamount: Underwater Volcano

97. Ocean Floor Features
Trench= steep, deep cavern on the ocean floor that forms when plates converge and one plate is subducted under another
Mariana Trench : 36,201 feet (near Guam)
It’s so deep that you could fit Mt. Everest inside of it!

99. The Ocean Floor
Label the picture of the ocean floor using your K.I.M Chart.

100. Disney Ride Task
You have been hired by Disney to create a new ride at Disney World modeling the ocean floor. You need to have a script for your Disney imagineer to say to the patrons during the ride (describing the features), as well as a picture of your ride. The sketch of the ride and the script must include:
Label 7 features on your picture of the ride
Highlight/Underline 7 features in your script
Continental Slope 5. Continental Shelf
Abyssal Plain 6. Beach
Seamount 7. Trench
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Rubric:
Diagram of ride: 35 points (5 points each feature)
Imagineer Script: 35 points (5 points DESCRIBING each feature)
Neat/Colorful: 10 points
On-Task: 20 points (10 points/day)