1. A’asem Zeidan Abu-Shtaya
Ectopic Pregnancy
A’asem Zeidan Abu-Shtaya

2. Normally,

3. Normally,
Fertilization occurs in the lateral third of the fallopian tube.
On average it takes the spermatozoa 1 hr to reach the ovum.
5-6 days post fertilization, the fertilized egg travels back to the uterus for IMPLANTATION to occur INSIDE the uterine cavity.

4. Definition
An ectopic pregnancy is one that implants outside the uterine cavity (not the uterus) in a place other than the endometrium

5. Where outside the uterine cavity?

6. Then.. Implantation occurs in the fallopian tube in up to 98% of cases
2nd comes the abdominal implantation, where the placenta could attach to the bowel. With an incidence of ~ 1%
3d: ovarian ~0.2%
4th : cervical ~0.2%

7. Incidence
The incidence of ectopic pregnancies has increased dramatically during hthe past 10 years and now occurs in more than 1:100 pregnancies.
This is thought to be secondary to the increase of:
STI’s
Assisted fertility
PID’s

8. Why does it happen?
several risk factors predispose patients to extrauterine implantation.
Many affect the fallopian tubes leading to either:
Tubal scarring
Decreased peristaltic motility of the tube.

9. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy
Table 2-1, Blueprints Obs&Gyne 5th edition, page 15
History of STI or PID
Prior ectopic pregnancy
Previous tubal surgery
Prior pelvic or abdominal surgeries leading to adhesions
Endometriosis
Current use of exogenous hormones including progesterone and estrogen
IVF and assisted reproduction
Congenital abnormalities of the fallopian tubes
Use of IUD for birth control

10. However..
in as many as one third to one half of ectopic pregnancies, no risk factors can be identified.

11. Through the R.F’s
PID’s can lead to intra or peritubal adhesions decreasing the ability of the fertilized ovum to reach the uterine cavity.
STI’s can directly destroy the cilia of the fallopian tube epithelium.
Any tubal surgery like Tubal reanastamosis, tubal ligation, tubal adhesions can cause impairement of cilial movement.
Methods of contraceptions as IUCD prevent the implantation into the endometrial tissue.
Progesterone only pills cause EP because they lead to relaxation of the muscle layer of the tube.

12. ..
Any inflammatory process within the uterus or the pelvis in general could theoretically lead to the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy. This results from the build-up of scar tissue in the Fallopian tubes, causing damage to cilia.

13. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Clinical manifestations typically appear six to eight weeks after the last normal menstrual period, but can occur later, especially if the pregnancy is not in the fallopian tube. Normal pregnancy discomforts (eg, breast tenderness, frequent urination, nausea) are often present.

14. Diagnosis
History
Physical examination
Lab tests
U/s

15. History The 3 classical symptoms of ectopic pregnancy are: Amenohrea
Abdominal pain
Vaginal bleeding

16. History
 In any lady presenting with those symptoms during her first trimester, EP should be excluded.
 you should also think of:
Normal intrauterine pregnancy
Spontaneous abortion
Salpingitis
appendicitis

17. Physical Examination
Usually associated with minimal findings but may reveal:
Tender adnexal mass
A uterus that is small for gestational age
Cervical bleeding.
Patients with RUPTURED EP may be hypotensive, unresponsive, or show signs of peritoneal irritations sec. to haemoperitoneum.

18. (β-hCG) EXTREMELY important Lab method of a choice for confirming EP
In normal intrauterine pregnancy (β- hCG)  is secreted by the trophoblastic tissue in a predictable manner. The absolute value doubles approximately every days.

19. However In EP the levels are low for gestational age.
e.g. (β-hCG)  of 500 IU/ml at day one repeated 3 days later and revealed a value of 2000 IU/ml decreases the likelihood of EP

20. Progesterone levels
Good specificity and sensitivity for normal intrauterine pregnancy.
Not reliable
If its low, it’s a marker of abnormal pregnancy
Cannot differentiate b/w EP and abortion

21. U/S
Might show normal IUP, hence we are most probably dealing with an abortion.
might show an adnexal mass
Fetal heart activity in the adenxia could be monitored
Bleeding in doglus pouch

22. Diagnostic method of a choice is:
LAPROSCOPY

23. What we’re afraid of ?!
There’s always a small risk for heterotropic pregnancy, a multiple gestation with at least one IUP and one EP.
This is a particular concern in the setting of IVF when more than one embryo was utilized
Those patients are labelled as rule-out ectopic.
Should be followed with B-hCG levels every 48 hours and undergo a transvaginal U/s

24. Management (1)
Mrs. Amireh, a 28 y/o lady presents to the ER with unilateral lower abdominal pain. Fresh vaginal bleeding of 1 day duration. Her LMP was 10 weeks ago.
The Pt. is concious, oriented and looks well.
Upon P/E her pulse was 85, Bp: 130/ 85 Temp
Urine pregnancy test was performed and was positive.
The rotating dr. decided to perform an abdominal U/S that revealed a mass measuring 3 cm in the right fallopian tube and fluid collection in the pouch of doglus . No IUP

25. We take into consideration:
1. Patient stability (immediate surgical interferance if unstable)
2. desire of future fertility
Site of E/P
State of EP (ruptured or intact)

26. Our very first priority is to stabilize the patient and look for signs of distress.
Our patient looks fine, stable and oriented.
Hence, can be treated either:
Medically
Surgically

27. Medical Tx: The drug of a choice used at most institution is MTX
Its appropriate for who have small E/P less than 4 cm and for those patients who are reliable for follow up.
The drug is given as one shot IM 50gm
Patient should be followed with serial b-hCG.
B-hCG levels will rise the first few days after MTX, but will start decreasing after 4-7 days.
If such a fall is not achieved or if the levels plateau, a 2nd dose should be given.
If it stays high MUST go for surgery

28. Serum b-hCG levels after one MTX injection

29. Management (2)
Mrs. Badran, a 25 y/o lady, presented to the ER at 4 a.m with severe diffuse abdominal pain. She reports profuse vaginal bleeding. Her last LMP was 8 weeks ago
Upon P/E her Pulse was 110, Bp. 100/70 temp 37 C. severe abdominal tenderness and guarding upon palpation.
The pt is dioriented, drowsy and almost fell to the ground when entering the ER.
Urine b-hCG was positive, U/s showed a ruptured left fallopian tube and severe bleeding within the peritoneum

30. Surgical Tx:
If a patient presents with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy and is unstable, the first priority is to stabilize with IV fluids, blood products, and pressors if necessary.
The pt should be taken to the OR where exploratory laprotomy can be done to stop the bleeding and remove the ectopic pregnancy

31. If the pt is stable, the procedure of choice at most institutions is explotatory laproscopy that can be performed to evacuate the hemoperitoneum , coagulate any ongoing bleeding and resect the ectopic pregnancy

32. Resection can be either through:
Salpingostomy: the EP is removed leaving the fallopian tube in place
Salpingectomy: where the entire EP along with the tube are removed.
* Ovarian EP are normally treated surgically by oophorectomy

33. Thank you ..

34. A’asem Zeidan Abu-Shtaya
Miscarriage
A’asem Zeidan Abu-Shtaya

35. Definition also known as spontaneous abortion.
refers to a pregnancy that ends spontaneously before the fetus has reached a viable gestational age. The World Health Organization defines it as expulsion or extraction of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 g or less from its mother. This typically corresponds to a gestational age of 20 to 22 weeks or less 

36. Incidence Most common gyanecological and obstetric disorder
About 15-25% of all clinically recognized pregnancies.
Underestimated because losses that occur 4 to 6 weeks gestational age are often confused with late menses
Real incidence could reach 30-35%

37. Risk factors Age Previous spontaneous abortion Smoking Alcohol
Gravidity
Cocaine
NSAID’s
Fever
Caffeine
Prolonged ovulation to implantation interval
Prolonged time to pregnancy
Low folate levels
Maternal weight

38. Aetiology

39. First trimester abortions
60-80% are due to fetal chromosomal abnormalities. (m.c.c)
Incidence of these abnormalities is increased with increasing maternal age.
This could be because many abortions likely occur before implantation.
Other causes:
Infections : genital tract infections and systemic infections with pyrexia
Maternal anatomic defects: uterine anomalies, submucous fibroid, asherman syndrome etc..
Endocrine and immunological factors
Multiple pregnancy
Cigarette smoking
Psychological disorders
All together comprise the remaining 20-30%

40. Second trimester abortions
Between 13 to 26 weeks gestational age
Less common than first trimester abortions
Have multiple etiologies:
Genital tract infections and PROM
Maternal uterine or cervical anatomic defects
Maternal systemic diseases
Cervical incompetance
TRAUMA
Multiple pregnancy.

41. Types
Defined by
1.any or all of the products of conception have passed
2. whether the cervix is dilated or not

42. Types
► Threatened abortion ► Inevitable abortion ► Incomplete abortion ► Complete abortion ► Missed abortion ► Septic abortion ► Recurrent aborion

43. Threatened abortion
Any vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks, without dilatation of the cervix or expulsion of any POC (i.e. a normal pregnancy with bleeding) Hx
Mild vaginal bleeding ± abdominal pain
P/E
Cervix is closed
Uterus size is correct for GA
U/S
Shows the presence of fetal heart activity

44. Threatened abortion- Management
1. reassurance: if fetal heart activity is present, in more than 90% pregnancy will progress in a satisfactory way
2. advice to decrease physical activity and avoid intercourse
3. Give progesterone and hCG which are used in the first trimester to support pregnancy
4. adequate dose of anti-D should be given to all Rh –ve non-immunised patients, whose husbands are Rh +ve
5. label as high risk patients because those patients are liable to late pregnancy complications such as APH and preterm labour.

45. Inevitable abortion
Inevitable  heavy vaginal bleeding and dilatation of the cervix WITHOUT expulsion of any POC Hx
Vaginal bleeding
P/E
Dilating cervix
Uterus may be in correct size for date
U/S
Fetal heart activity may or may not be present

46. Incomplete abortion
Incomplete  heavy vagial bleeding and dilatation of the cervix WITH partial expulsion but not all the POC Hx
Vaginal bleeding with passage of POC
P/E
The uterus is small for date
U/s
Retained POC could be visualized

47. Inevitable and Incomplete - Management
Hb, blood grouping, XM 2 units of blood
Resucitation, large IV line, fluids and blood transfusion.
Those types of abortions can be allowed to finish on their own, with expectant management
Or:
Can also be taken to completion by either D&C or adminstration of prostaglandins (misoprostol) to induce cervical dilatation and uterine contractions

48. Complete abortion
Complete expulsion of all POC before 20 weeks gestation Hx
- Heavy vaginal bleeding which has been stopped.
- Lower abdominal pain which follows the bleeding.
P/E
Cervix is closed
U/S
Showed emty uterine cavity

49. Complete -Management
1. conservative management if the uterine cavity is empty
Evacuation and curettage in the presence of RPOC
Post abortion management

50. Missed abortion
Death of the embryo or fetus before 20 weeks gestation with complete retention of all POC
Mostly diagnosed accidentaly during routine U/S in early pregnancy Hx
-episodes of mild vaginal bleeding.
-regression of early symptoms of pregnancy
-stoppage of fetal movement
P/E
Uterus may be small for date
U/S
Essential for diagnosis
Performed twice at least 7 days apart showing no evidence of heart activity

51. Missed - management Hb, blood grouping and XM 2 units of blood.
Platelet count, to exclude risk of DIC
Options for treatment:
Conservative tx: if left alone, spontaneous expulsion will occur.
Surgical evacuation of the uterus: by D&C, indicated in 1st trimester missed abortion
Medical termination of pregnancy: by misoprostol (PGE1)
Post abortion management.

52. Septic abortion
It is an incomplete abortion which is complicated by infection of the uterine contents.
Features:
1. Includes features of incomplete abortion: severe vaginal bleeding with passage of part of the POC.
2. Features of pelvic infection: pyrexia and tachycardia, general malaise, lower abdominal pain, pelvic tenderness and vaginal discharge.
The commonest organisms are
E.coli, strep & staphylococcus
2. anaerobics: bacteroids.

53. Septic abortion Types:
Mild: the infection is confined to the decidua (80%)
Moderate: the infection extends to the myometrium ( 15%)
Severe: the infection extends to the pelvis (5%)

54. Septic - Management 1. investigations:
Hb, blood grouping XM2 units of blood
Cervical swab for culture and sensitivity
Coagulation profile, serum electrolytes & blood culture if pyrexia is more than 38.5
2. antibiotics: IV cephalosporin + IV MDZ
3. Surgical evacuation of uterus , usually 12 hrs after ABX therapy
5. Post abortion management

55. Post abortion management
Support: from the husband, family and medical staff
Anti D: to all Rh –ve non immunised patients, whose husbands are Rh +ve.
Explanation and counseling:
Contraception: should start immediately after abortion if the patient chooses to wait because ovulation can occur 14 days after evacuation and so pregnancy can occur before the exoected next period

56. Could it happen again?
As the commonest cause is the fetal chromosomal abnormality which is not a recurrent cause, so the chance of successful pregnancy next time is very high.
When to try again?
Best to wait 2 to 3 months before trying again. This allows patients to be physically and emotionally ready for pregnancy

57. Complication of abortion
Hemorrhage
Complications related to surgical evacuation i.e. E&C and D&C
Uterine perforation or rupture
Cervical tear incompetance
Excessive dilatation  incompetance
Excessive curettage  Adenomyosis
Infection  infertility + asherman syndrome.
Rh iso immunization: if the anti-D is not given or if the dose is inadequate
Psychological trauma

58. Recurrent abortion
A recurrent habitual aborter is a woman who has had 3 or more consecutive SAB’s.
Types:
Primary all pregnancies have ended in loss
Secondary  one pregnancy or more has proceeded to viability witll all others ending in loss.
Incidence:
Less than 1% of women of reproductive age
The risk of a SAB after one prior SAB is 20-25%; after two consecutive SAB %, and after 3 consecutive SAB is 30-35%

59. Causes
In about 50% of cases its idiopathic and no cause can be identified
Known causes are:
Fetal chromosomal abnormalities and structural abnormalities.
Endocrine disorders: DM, thyroid diseases, PCOS..
Immunological disorders: anticardiolipin syndrome
Thrombophilia: protein C&S defeciency …
Uterine disorders: submucous fibroids, cervical incompetance, asherman’s syndrome
Infections: e.g. CMV
Rh isoimmunization

60. Recurrent abortion Diagnosis Hx -Previous abortion
-medical hx: DM, thyroid, autoimmune diseases and thrombophilia
P/E
General: weight. Thyroid and hair distribution
Pelvic: cervix (length and dilatation) and uterine size
Investigations

61. Investigations
First, a karyotype of both parents is obtained, as well as the karyotype of the POC of each SAB if possible
Maternal anatomy should be examined initially by a HSG, if its abnormal or non diagnostic we can prosceed to hysteroscopic or laproscopic exploration,
Screening tests for hypothyroidism, DM, APA syndrome, hypercoagulability and SLE.
Level of serum progesterone should be obtained in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle
Cultures of the cervix, vagina and endometrium to R/O infection

62. Management Treatment depends on the etiology E.g. Endocrine disorders:
Control DM and thyroid disorders before pregnancy, give progesterone or hCG in corpus luteum insuffeciency
In APA syndrome:
Give low dose aspirin and prednisilone starting when pregnancy is diagnosed till 37 weeks.
*these drugs are not teratogenic