1. Audio-Spinal Facilitation
Motor Responses to Music - (i.e. tapping your foot, fingers, etc.)
Audio-Spinal Facilitation - Auditory stimuli excite neurons in the spinal cord which in turn ready or prime muscles for movement. Occurs at a pre- cognitive level. The more intense the stimulus, the greater the neuronal/muscular response (Paltsev & Elner, 1967; Rossignol & Melvill-Jones, 1976, etc.) Click Here for example of Anatomy of Movement Example
Edward A. Roth, MT-BC © 2000

2. Physiological Entrainment
Physiological Entrainment - Occurs when the frequency of activity of one system determines the frequency of activity in another system. Internal oscillator (internal time-keeper) entrains to a more powerful external oscillator (metronome or music). (Haas & Distenfeld, 1986; Miller et al., 1996).
Edward A. Roth, MT-BC © 2000

3. Time Force Space
Movement can be described elementally in three ways, as it relates to: time, force, and space. These aspects of movement correlate to elements of music.
Time - Rhythm/Tempo
Force - Dynamics
Space - Pitch (Melody/Harmony)
Music that is used to accompany or drive therapeutic movement experiences will include rhythmic, melodic, harmonic, and dynamic aspects to provide temporal, spatial, and force cues for movements.
Edward A. Roth, MM MT-BC, NMT © 2001

4. Neurologic Music Therapy Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation
RAS - (Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation)
RAS is a specific technique to facilitate rehabilitation of movements that are intrinsically biologically rhythmical. One of the most important of these rhythmical movements is gait. Therefore, the most prominent application of RAS is to gait disorders, e.g. in stroke patients, Parkinson’s patients, and traumatically brain injured patients.
Edward A. Roth, MM MT-BC, NMT © 2001

5. Neurologic Music Therapy Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance
TIMP - (Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance)
TIMP uses the playing of musical instruments to exercise and simulate functional movement patterns. Appropriate selection of musical instruments and therapeutically meaningful exercises emphasize range of motion, endurance, strength, functional hand movement/finger dexterity, limb coordination, etc.
Edward A. Roth, MT-BC © 2000

6. Neurologic Music Therapy Patterned Sensory Enhancement
PSE - (Patterned Sensory Enhancement)
PSE uses rhythmic, melodic, harmonic and dynamic aspects of music to provide temporal, spatial, and force cues for movements which reflect functional exercises and activities of daily living. PSE is broader in application than RAS because it is (a): applied to movements that are not rhythmical by nature such as during dressing or sit-to-stand transfers and (b): it provides more than just temporal cues. PSE uses musical patterns to assemble single, discrete motions, e.g. arm and hand movements during reaching and grasping, into functional movement patterns and sequences and cues them temporally, spatially, and dynamically.
Edward A. Roth, MT-BC © 2000