Do Now (5/6/14): Turn in your homeworks!!! You are standing on a bus that is moving at 30 m/s. You toss a baseball up and down. – What is the horizontal.

Do Now (5/6/14): Turn in your homeworks!!! You are standing on a bus that is moving at 30 m/s. You toss a baseball up and down. – What is the horizontal speed of the ball that you see? – What is the speed of the ball as seen by someone standing on the street? You are on the same bus, but now you toss the ball forward at 20 m/s. – What is the horizontal speed of the ball that you see? – What is the speed of the ball as seen by someone standing on the street?

Do Now (5/16/14): Pick up a paper in the back on your way in You are standing on a bus that is moving at 30 m/s. You hold a baseball in your hand. – What is the horizontal speed of the ball that you see? – What is the speed of the ball as seen by someone standing on the street? You are on the same bus, but now you toss the ball forward at 20 m/s. – What is the horizontal speed of the ball that you see? – What is the speed of the ball as seen by someone standing on the street?

Relativity

Michelson-Morley Experiment The ether was a hypothetical medium in which it was believed that electromagnetic waves (visible light, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, X-rays, -rays,...) would propagate.

Michelson-Morley Experiment In 1887, Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley tried to measure the speed of the ether. The concept of the ether was made in analogy with other types of media in which different types of waves are able to propagate; sound waves can, for example, propagate in air or other materials.

Michelson-Morley Experiment The result of the Michelson- Morley experiment was that the speed of the Earth through the ether (or the speed of the ether wind) was zero. Therefore, this experiment also showed that there is no need for any ether at all, and it appeared that the speed of light in vacuum was independent of the speed of the observer!

Michelson-Morley Experiment Michelson and Morley repeated their experiment many times up until 1929, but always with the same results and conclusions. Michelson won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907.

Relativity: Two Parts: General Special

The Postulates of Special Relativity On June 30, 1905 Einstein formulated the two postulates of special relativity: 1.The Principle of Relativity The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference. 2.The Constancy of Speed of Light in Vacuum The speed of light in vacuum has the same value c in all inertial frames of reference.

The Postulates of Special Relativity The speed of light in vacuum c (299792458 m/s) is so enormous that we do not notice a delay between the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves under normal circumstances. The speed of light in vacuum is actually the only speed that is absolute and the same for all observers as was stated in the second postulate.

Postulates of Special Relativity Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light!

Classical Relativity 1,000,000 ms -1 ■ How fast is Spaceship A approaching Spaceship B? ■ Both Spaceships see the other approaching at 2,000,000 ms -1. ■ This is Classical Relativity.

Einstein’s Special Relativity 1,000,000 ms -1 0 ms -1 300,000,000 ms -1 Both spacemen measure the speed of the approaching ray of light. How fast do they measure the speed of light to be?

Special Relativity Stationary man – 300,000,000 ms -1 Man travelling at 1,000,000 ms -1 – 301,000,000 ms -1 ? – Wrong! The Speed of Light is the same for all observers

Time Travel! Time between ‘ticks’ = distance / speed of light Light in the moving clock covers more distance… – …but the speed of light is constant… – …so the clock ticks slower! Moving clocks run more slowly! V

Three effects 3 strange effects of special relativity – Length contraction – Time dilation – Relativistic mass

Constant Velocity of Light Platform v = 30 m/s to right relative to ground. 10 m/s c c Velocities observed inside car The light from two flashlights and the two balls travel in opposite directions. The observed velocities of the ball differ, but the speed of light is independent of direction. 40 m/s20 m/s cc Velocities observed from outside car

Velocity of Light (Cont.) Platform moves 30 m/s to right relative to boy. 10 m/s c c 30 m/s Each observer sees c = 3 x 10 8 m/s Outside observer sees very different velocities for balls. The velocity of light is unaffected by relative motion and is exactly equal to: c = 2.99792458 x 10 8 m/s

Time Dilation Equation Einstein’s Time dilation Equation:  t = Relative time (Time measured in frame moving relative to actual event).  t o = Proper time (Time measured in the same frame as the event itself). v = Relative velocity of two frames. c = Free space velocity of light (c = 3 x 10 8 m/s).

Example 1: Ship A passes ship B with a relative velocity of 0.8c (eighty percent of the velocity of light). A woman aboard Ship B takes 4 s to walk the length of her ship. What time is recorded by the man in Ship A? v = 0.8c A B Proper time  t o = 4 s Find relative time  t  t = 6.67 s

Length Contraction 0.9c LoLo L Since time is affected by relative motion, length will also be different: L o is proper length L is relative length Moving objects are foreshortened due to relativity.

Example 2: A meter stick moves at 0.9c relative to an observer. What is the relative length as seen by the observer? 0.9c 1 m LoLo L = ? Length recorded by observer: L = 43.6 cm If the ground observer held a meter stick, the same contraction would be seen from the ship.

Relativistic Mass If momentum is to be conserved, the relativistic mass m must be consistent with the following equation: Relativistic mass: Note that as an object is accelerated by a resultant force, its mass increases, which requires even more force. This means that: The speed of light is an ultimate speed!

Example 3: The rest mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10 -31 kg. What is the relativistic mass if its velocity is 0.8c ? - 0.8c m o = 9.1 x 10 -31 kg m = 15.2 x 10 -31 kg The mass has increased by 67% !

Practice: Use the rest of class to complete the Relativity sheet

Do Now (5/7/14): The rest mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10 -31 kg. What is the relativistic mass if its velocity is 0.8c

Do Now (5/8/14): Draw me a funny/cute picture on your Do Now sheet

Review: if you are exempt, complete your Relativity sheet if you are not, complete your review packet!!!

Mass and Energy Prior to the theory of relativity, scientists considered mass and energy as separate quantities, each of which must be conserved. Now mass and energy must be considered as the same quantity. We may express the mass of a baseball in joules or its energy in kilograms! The motion adds to the mass- energy.

Total Relativistic Energy The general formula for the relativistic total energy involves the rest mass m o and the relativistic momentum p = mv. Total Energy, E For a particle with zero momentum p = 0: For an EM wave, m 0 = 0, and E simplifies to: E = m o c 2 E = pc

Mass and Energy (Cont.) The conversion factor between mass m and energy E is: E o = m o c 2 The zero subscript refers to proper or rest values. A 1-kg block on a table has an energy E o and mass m o relative to table: 1 kg E o = (1 kg)(3 x 10 8 m/s) 2 E o = 9 x 10 16 J If the 1-kg block is in relative motion, its kinetic energy adds to the total energy.

Total Energy According to Einstein's theory, the total energy E of a particle of is given by: Total Energy: E = mc 2 Total energy includes rest energy and energy of motion. If we are interested in just the energy of motion, we must subtract m o c 2. Kinetic Energy: K = (m – m o )c 2 (m o c 2 + K) Kinetic Energy: K = mc 2 – m o c 2

Example 4: What is the kinetic energy of a proton (m o = 1.67 x 10 -27 kg) traveling at 0.8c? + 0.7c m o = 1.67 x 10 -27 kg ; m = 2.34 x 10 -27 kg K = (m – m o )c 2 = (2.34 x 10 -27 kg – 1.67 x 10 -17 kg)c 2 Relativistic Kinetic Energy K = 6.02 x 10 -11 J

Summary Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity, published in 1905, was based on two postulates: I. The laws of physics are the same for all frames of reference moving at a constant velocity with respect to each other. II. The free space velocity of light c is constant for all observers, independent of their state of motion. (c = 3 x 10 8 m/s)

Summary (Cont.) Relativistic mass: Relativistic time: Relativistic length:

Summary(Cont.) Total energy: E = mc 2 Kinetic energy: K = (m – m o )c 2 Relativistic momentum:

CONCLUSION: Chapter 38A Relativity

Objectives: After completing this module, you should be able to: State and discuss Einstein’s two postulates regarding special relativity.State and discuss Einstein’s two postulates regarding special relativity. Demonstrate your understanding of time dilation and apply it to physical problems.Demonstrate your understanding of time dilation and apply it to physical problems. Demonstrate and apply equations for relativistic length, momentum, mass, and energy.Demonstrate and apply equations for relativistic length, momentum, mass, and energy.

Special Relativity Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity, published in 1905, was based on two postulates: I. The laws of physics are the same for all frames of reference moving at a constant velocity with respect to each other. II. The free space velocity of light c is constant for all observers, independent of their state of motion. (c = 3 x 10 8 m/s)

Rest and Motion What do we mean when we say that an object is at rest... or in motion? Is anything at rest? We sometimes say that man, computer, phone, and desk are at rest. What we really mean is that all are moving with the same velocity. We can only detect motion in reference to something else. We forget that the Earth is also in motion.

No Preferred Frame of Reference What is the velocity of the bicyclist? We cannot say without a frame of reference. Assume bike moves at 25 m/s,W relative to Earth and that platform moves 10 m/s, E relative to Earth. What is the velocity of the bike relative to platform? Earth 25 m/s 10 m/sEastWest Assume that the platform is the reference, then look at relative motion of Earth and bike.

Reference for Motion (Cont.)Earth 25 m/s 10 m/s East West Earth as Reference 0 m/s To find the velocity of the bike relative to platform, we must imagine that we are sitting on the platform at rest (0 m/s) relative to it. We would see the Earth moving westward at 10 m/s and the bike moving west at 35 m/s. 10 m/s 35 m/s 0 m/s East West Platform as Reference

10 m/s 35 m/s 0 m/s East West Platform as Reference Earth 25 m/s 10 m/s East West Earth as Reference0 Frame of Reference Consider the velocities for three different frames of reference. 0 m/s 35 m/s East West Bicycle as Reference 25 m/s

Constant Velocity of Light Platform v = 30 m/s to right relative to ground. 10 m/s c c Velocities observed inside car The light from two flashlights and the two balls travel in opposite directions. The observed velocities of the ball differ, but the speed of light is independent of direction. 40 m/s20 m/s cc Velocities observed from outside car

Velocity of Light (Cont.) Platform moves 30 m/s to right relative to boy. 10 m/s c c 30 m/s Each observer sees c = 3 x 10 8 m/s Outside observer sees very different velocities for balls. The velocity of light is unaffected by relative motion and is exactly equal to: c = 2.99792458 x 10 8 m/s

OTOT OEOEOEOE Simultaneous Events The judgment of simultaneous events is also a matter of relativity. Consider observer O T sitting on top of moving train while observer O E is on ground. At t = 0, lightning strikes train and ground at A and B. Observer O E sees lightning events A E & B E as simultaneous. Observer O T says event B T occurs before event A T due to motion of train. Each observer is correct! BEBEBEBE BTBT AEAEAEAE ATAT Not simultaneousSimultaneous A B

Time Measurements Since our measurement of time involves judg-ments about simul-taneous events, we can see that time may also be affected by relative motion of observers. In fact, Einstein's theory shows that observers in relative motion will judge times differently - furthermore, each is correct.

Relative Time Consider cart moving with velocity v under a mirrored ceiling. A light pulse travels to ceiling and back in time  t o for rider and in time  t for watcher. Light path for rider d toto Light path for watcher d x R tt R

Relative Time (Cont.) Substitution of: Light path for rider d toto d R tt

Time Dilation Equation Einstein’s Time dilation Equation:  t = Relative time (Time measured in frame moving relative to actual event).  t o = Proper time (Time measured in the same frame as the event itself). v = Relative velocity of two frames. c = Free space velocity of light (c = 3 x 10 8 m/s).

Proper Time The key to applying the time dilation equation is to distinguish clearly between proper time  t o and relative time  t. Look at our example: Proper Time d toto Event Frame Relative Time tt Relative Frame  t >  t o

Example 1: Ship A passes ship B with a relative velocity of 0.8c (eighty percent of the velocity of light). A woman aboard Ship B takes 4 s to walk the length of her ship. What time is recorded by the man in Ship A? v = 0.8c A B Proper time  t o = 4 s Find relative time  t  t = 6.67 s

The Twin Paradox Two twins are on Earth. One leaves and travels for 10 years at 0.9c. When traveler returns, he is 23 years older due to time dilation! Traveling twin ages more! Paradox: Since motion is relative, isn’t it just as true that the man who stayed on earth should be 23 years older?

The Twin Paradox Explained The traveling twin’s motion was not uniform. Acceleration and forces were needed to go to and return from space. The traveler ages more and not the one who stayed home. Traveling twin ages more! This is NOT science fiction. Atomic clocks placed aboard aircraft sent around Earth and back have verified the time dilation.

Length Contraction 0.9c LoLo L Since time is affected by relative motion, length will also be different: L o is proper length L is relative length Moving objects are foreshortened due to relativity.

Example 2: A meter stick moves at 0.9c relative to an observer. What is the relative length as seen by the observer? 0.9c 1 m LoLo L = ? Length recorded by observer: L = 43.6 cm If the ground observer held a meter stick, the same contraction would be seen from the ship.

Foreshortening of Objects Note that it is the length in the direction of relative motion that contracts and not the dimensions perpendicular to the motion. 0.9c WoWo W<W o 1 m=1 m If meter stick is 2 cm wide, each will say the other is only 0.87 cm wide, but they will agree on the length. Assume each holds a meter stick, in example.

Relativistic Momentum The basic conservation laws for momentum and energy can not be violated due to relativity. Newton’s equation for momentum (mv) must be changed as follows to account for relativity: Relativistic momentum: m o is the proper mass, often called the rest mass. Note that for large values of v, this equation reduces to Newton’s equation.