1. Introduction to Java programming Language Instructor: An, Seung Hun shahn@dcslab.snu.ac.kr

2. Plan of Java Tutorial Part 1 –Basic Concept & Language Philosophy Part 2 & 3 –Java Language Basics –Classes, Instances & Methods Part 4 –Inheritance and Class hierachy Part 5 –Exception & Package –Reserved

3. What is Java? –A simple, object oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, safe, architecture neutral, portable, high performance, multithreaded, dynamic, programming language. Java is interesting because –It is both a general purpose object-oriented language along the lines of C++, and –It is particularly designed to interface with Web pages and to enable distributed applications over the Internet. The Web is becoming the dominant software development arena; this will drive Java as the best supported, most widely taught language. –Even outside the Web, e.g. in scientific computing, Java is as good and in some respects better than other languages.

4. Why is Java good? Several good design features –secure, safe (w.r.t. bugs), object-oriented, familiar (to C, C++ and even Fortran programmers) good set of libraries covering everything from commerce, multimedia, images to math functions –see http://math.nist.gov/javanumericshttp://math.nist.gov/javanumerics naturally integrated with network and universal machine supports powerful “write once-run anywhere” model.

5. Architecture of Java Applications Java applications are compiled and run on a machine just like any other general programming language such as C/C++. No web server or network are required although Java applications may also use network connections for distributed computing Java code is compiled to produce byte code run by Java interpreter to produce results Java code is compiled to produce native code run directly on machine for better performance

6. Java Applications Java programs written in a file with extension “.java”. Applications are.java files with a main() method. This is called by the Java system. Compile and run a Java application(using bytecodes): –Run the compiler on a.java file: javac MyProgram.java producing a file of Java byte code, MyProgram.class –Run the interpreter on a.class file: java MyProgram which executes the byte code The tools javac and java are part of JDK.

7. An Simple Example, Hello World! Since Java is object-oriented, programs are organized into modules called classes, which may have data in variables called fields, and subroutines called methods. class HelloWorld { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println(“Hello World!”); } Each program is enclosed in a class definition. main() is the first method that is run. The notation class.method or package.class.method is how to refer to a public method (with some exceptions). Syntax is similar to C - braces for blocks, semicolon after each statement.

8. Java Applet Java applets are classes written in Java that are not intended to run as stand-alone programs (like applications) but as subprograms of a browser that is already managing a window. Applets are not trusted by default, so they have several restrictions in running on the client machine Applets should NOT have a main() method. Instead they have init(), start(), paint(), etc. for displaying on the browser window –no printing or file I/O –cannot connect through the network to any machine but its own server –any new windows created by the applet have a warning label

9. Architecture of Java Applets Browsers (IE, Netscape, HotJava etc) supporting Java allow arbitrarily sophisticated dynamic multimedia applications inserts called Applets, written in Java, to be embedded in the regular HTML pages and activated on each exposure of a given page. web server Java code is compiled to produce applet codes, part of web document collection web client, running browser such as Netscape or IE executes (restricted) applet code to display in browser window Internet

10. An Simple Example, again Java applets can call methods to display on a screen (within the browser window). One way is to call the method drawString() from the standard method paint(). import java.awt.Graphics; public class HelloApplet extends java.applet.Applet { public void paint (Graphics g) { g.drawString(“Hello World!”, 5, 25); } The import statement (similar to an include) allows the use of methods from the Graphics class. The paint() method displays a graphics object on the screen - one of the standard methods that takes the place of main() for applets. Makes this a subclass of Applet.

11. On the Web Name the file HelloWorldApplet.java. Run the compiler, javac, to get a byte code file HelloWorldApplet.class. Put this in a web directory. Simple Hello Page My Java applet says: Name of your applet class. The browser will use a rectangle of width 150 pixels and height 25 pixels to display the applet within the other html.

12. Java vs. JavaScript JavaScript is a different language from Java, albeit with some similarities. A JavaScript program is written in the HTML page, and executed by the JavaScript interpreter, so also allows dynamic web page content in the browser window. JavaScript is special purpose - it is an object-based language that deals directly with browser entities like windows, text fields, forms, frames and documents. JavaScript can respond to browser events like mouse clicks and user-typed text. JavaScript is fast to write, but not as powerful as Java.

13. Some Key Java Features  First we discuss original Java base language features as discussed in Java: A White Paper by Sun Microsystems— October 1995 draft by James Gosling and Henry McGilton—enumerates the original design goals of Java: Object-oriented Architecture-neutral Portable Somewhat Interpreted Simple and Familiar Distributed Robust Secure High performance Multi Threaded Dynamic

14. Java Features—It's Simple and Familiar Familiar as it looks like C++, but simpler to program. –omits several confusing features of C++ including operator overloading, multiple inheritance, pointers and automatic type coercions Adds automatic garbage collection to make dynamic memory management much easier than in C or C++. –No more frees or deletes. No more memory leaks. Adds Interface construct, similar to Objective C concept, to compensate for the lack of multiple inheritance. Small kernel is suitable for Java ports to consumer electronic devices.

15. Java Features—It's Object-oriented Java model is sometimes viewed as a C++ subset, with some elements imported from other languages. –This is arguable. In many ways Java and C++ are very different, and many of the similarities that do exist are at a fairly superficial syntactic level. Structures, Unions and Functions are absorbed into data and methods of Java classes—Java is simple. The strength of Java object-oriented model is in simplicity and the extensive class library associated with the system.

16. Java Features—It's Architecture-Neutral C/C++ programming in a heterogeneous network environment demands compatibility across several vendor platforms and their compilers. Solved in Java by designing platform-independent binary representation called Java bytecode— comparable to P-code in UCSD Pascal. Java compiler reads Java source and generates Java bytecode, which is shipped to user—e.g. on browser request, Jini lookup, etc. Each client must have a Java Virtual Machine program, which interprets (“runs”) Java bytecodes.

17. Java Features—It's Portable Java Virtual Machine model is identical for all platforms. Sun “owns” the Java Virtual Machine specification— while classes can be added by any user, JVM is Universal. In C/C++ various integer types match the architecture of machine at hand. Java byte, char, short, int and long are always 8, 16 (unicode), 16, 32 and 64 bits, respectively. –No header files, preprocessors, #define etc. –floating point is always IEEE 754

18. Java Features—It's Somewhat Interpreted Java represents a compromise between fully compiled (e.g. C/C++) and fully interpreted (e.g. typical scripting languages) models. Java “compiler” produces a binary bytecode output which is portable and typically smaller than the real binary for a specific machine. (Typical bytecode size is of order of the original source code, within a factor of 2). Java “interpreter”—the JVM—executes this bytecode.

19. Java Features—It's Robust Java enforces compile-time type checking and this eliminates some error prone constructs of C/C++. Pointer arithmetic is eliminated which allows for, e.g., runtime checking of array subscripts, and enforces security of the Java model. Explicit declarations are always required; argument types of methods are always checked (unlike C). This allows the Java complier to perform early error detection.

20. Java Features—It's (Hopefully) Secure Java bytecodes may be shipped across the network and executed on client machines. Security is therefore a critical issue and strongly enforced in Java. The bytecodes sent across network are verified at the client which prevents evil/corrupted classes from causing problems

21. Java Features—High Performance Early Java interpreters performed on-the-fly execution of the Java bytecodes, which gave “moderate” performance. –Initial software was often 100 times slower than C Performance is improved in newer “just-in-time” JVMs, which compile methods after some number of executions, and save machine code to give compiled-code efficiency thereafter. Support for generating native machine code out of Java bytecodes also exists (e.g. TowerJ). The performance of the machine code, generated from Java bytecodes, may eventually be comparable to that offered by typical C/C++ compilers on the same platform.

22. Java Features—It's Multithreaded Java model offers multithreading, implemented in terms of the Thread class. Thread methods offer a set of synchronization primitives based on monitor and condition variable paradigm of C.A.R. Hoare. –One use of Java multithreading in applet programming, for example, is having several independent but related simulations running concurrently in an applet window. Multithreading is also used internally by the browser to handle multiple document dynamics.

23. Java Features—It's Dynamic Java model is more dynamic than C++, closer to Smalltalk or Perl. Classes (often) don’t need to to be recompiled after implementation of a superclass (or other used class) is updated—binary compatibility. Classes have runtime representation (available through the Class class) that allows one, e.g., to discover and execute methods of a given object at runtime –In C, can’t even distinguish at run-time whether a given pointer references, say, an integer or a browser!

24. The Java 2 Platform Java 2 platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) –Develops earlier JDKs –Available in V 1.3. Java 2 platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) –Incorporates multiple technologies for server-side and multi-tier applications. Java 2 platform, Micro Edition (J2ME) –Optimized run-time environment for consumer products.

25. Java Development Environments These range from simple tools that give a windowing interface to the edit/compile/run or view cycle, e.g. JavaEdit from Dick Chase, on PC’s,...... to the elaborate commercial development environments that can also track projects and help generate code for user interface components –Microsoft Visual J++ –Symantec Visual Café –Java Workshop from Sun –Borland Jbuilder –Kawa from Tek-Tools

26. Java Books & References Core Java –Gary Cornell and Cay S. Horstmann Java Tutorial http://www.ibiblio.org/javafaq/course/index.html http://java.freehosting.co.kr/tutorial/ http://aspen.csit.fsu.edu/it1spring01/