1. Central europe

2. Hapsburg Empire In 1800, the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling family in EuropeIn 1800, the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling family in Europe Ruled over Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine and Northern ItalyRuled over Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine and Northern Italy Hapsburgs ruled over a multinational empireHapsburgs ruled over a multinational empire Most were Slavic groupsMost were Slavic groups Many of these ethnic groups wanted nationalism, causing tension within the empireMany of these ethnic groups wanted nationalism, causing tension within the empire When 18-year old Francis Joseph inherited the throneWhen 18-year old Francis Joseph inherited the throne Made limited reforms like granting a new constitution and set up a legislatureMade limited reforms like granting a new constitution and set up a legislature

3. Austria-Hungary Austria’s defeat against Prussia brought pressures to changeAustria’s defeat against Prussia brought pressures to change Made an agreement to create a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-HungaryMade an agreement to create a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Austria and Hungary were separate states with their own constitution and parliamentAustria and Hungary were separate states with their own constitution and parliament Francis Joseph ruled over both as emperor of Austria and king of HungaryFrancis Joseph ruled over both as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary The impact was that it combined two large, powerful empiresThe impact was that it combined two large, powerful empires Some nationalist groups resented the Dual MonarchySome nationalist groups resented the Dual Monarchy

4. Ethnic Groups of Austria-Hungary

5. The Balkans The Ottoman Empire also ruled over a multinational empireThe Ottoman Empire also ruled over a multinational empire Stretched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle EastStretched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East Known as the “Balkan powder keg”Known as the “Balkan powder keg” Within the Balkans, nationalist groups revoltedWithin the Balkans, nationalist groups revolted European countries were fighting against the Ottoman Empire trying to win landEuropean countries were fighting against the Ottoman Empire trying to win land Nationalism grew in the Balkans because of the downfall of the Ottoman Empire “the sick old man of Europe”Nationalism grew in the Balkans because of the downfall of the Ottoman Empire “the sick old man of Europe” Serbia won independence in 1817 and southern Greece won independence in the 1830sSerbia won independence in 1817 and southern Greece won independence in the 1830s

6. Crumbling of the Ottoman Empire

7. Russia In 1915, Russia was the largest, most populous nation in EuropeIn 1915, Russia was the largest, most populous nation in Europe Had immense natural resourcesHad immense natural resources Russia was home to many ethnic groupsRussia was home to many ethnic groups Russian czars needed to modernize but didn’t want to undermine their absolute powerRussian czars needed to modernize but didn’t want to undermine their absolute power So, Russia fell behind in industrializationSo, Russia fell behind in industrialization When Nicholas I took the throne, he had to suppress revolts and retain absolute powerWhen Nicholas I took the throne, he had to suppress revolts and retain absolute power Used police spies, banned books, and exiled criticsUsed police spies, banned books, and exiled critics Embraced three pillars of Russian absolutism:Embraced three pillars of Russian absolutism: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and NationalismOrthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism

8. Ethnic Groups of Russia

9. Changes in Russia Alexander II inherited the throne in 1855Alexander II inherited the throne in 1855 Alexander II agreed to make reformsAlexander II agreed to make reforms Alexander II freed all serfsAlexander II freed all serfs Caused some problems for the serfs because they couldn’t afford to buy the land they had worked onCaused some problems for the serfs because they couldn’t afford to buy the land they had worked on Some moved to citiesSome moved to cities Set up reforms for local governmentsSet up reforms for local governments Created elected assemblies called zemstvosCreated elected assemblies called zemstvos Made local governments responsible for roads, schools and agricultureMade local governments responsible for roads, schools and agriculture

10. Reaction to Reforms Socialism began to spread to RussiaSocialism began to spread to Russia A revolutionary group calling themselves “The People’s Will assassinated officials and plotted to kill the czarA revolutionary group calling themselves “The People’s Will assassinated officials and plotted to kill the czar In March 1881, terrorists hurled two bombs at Alexander II’s carriage and assassinated the czarIn March 1881, terrorists hurled two bombs at Alexander II’s carriage and assassinated the czar Alexander II’s son, Alexander III responded by going back to the harsh methods of Nicholas IAlexander II’s son, Alexander III responded by going back to the harsh methods of Nicholas I Launched a program of “Russification”Launched a program of “Russification” Aimed at suppressing the cultures of non-Russia people within the empire; led to anti-SemitismAimed at suppressing the cultures of non-Russia people within the empire; led to anti-Semitism One language (Russian) and one church (Russian Orthodox Church)One language (Russian) and one church (Russian Orthodox Church) Persecution of JewsPersecution of Jews Limited the number of Jews in certain positionsLimited the number of Jews in certain positions Encouraged pogroms, or violent mob attacks on JewsEncouraged pogroms, or violent mob attacks on Jews

11. Russian Industrialization Russia entered in the Industrial AgeRussia entered in the Industrial Age Encouraged railroad building, steel productionEncouraged railroad building, steel production Built Trans-Siberian Railroad which linked Russia to the Pacific OceanBuilt Trans-Siberian Railroad which linked Russia to the Pacific Ocean Industrialization caused many problemsIndustrialization caused many problems Nobles and peasants opposed it; Dangerous working conditions; Rise of socialismNobles and peasants opposed it; Dangerous working conditions; Rise of socialism

12. Crisis and revolution War broke out between Russia and Japan in 1904War broke out between Russia and Japan in 1904 Russia was losing and in the cities there were protests and workers’ strikesRussia was losing and in the cities there were protests and workers’ strikes On Sunday, January 22, 1905 an Orthodox priest Father George Gapon organized a protest march in St. PetersburgOn Sunday, January 22, 1905 an Orthodox priest Father George Gapon organized a protest march in St. Petersburg The czar fled the palace and called the soldiers to stop the riotsThe czar fled the palace and called the soldiers to stop the riots The “Bloody Sunday” protest parade turned violent and many civilians were killedThe “Bloody Sunday” protest parade turned violent and many civilians were killed This “Bloody Sunday” riot marked a turning point for RussiansThis “Bloody Sunday” riot marked a turning point for Russians Killed the people’s faith and trust in the czarKilled the people’s faith and trust in the czar Peasants and workers revoltedPeasants and workers revolted

13. Reforms Czar Nicholas II tried to make reformsCzar Nicholas II tried to make reforms Summoned a Duma, or elected national legislatureSummoned a Duma, or elected national legislature Appointed a Prime Minister, Peter StolypinAppointed a Prime Minister, Peter Stolypin Strengthened the zemstvos and improved educationStrengthened the zemstvos and improved education Assassinated in 1911Assassinated in 1911