1. Era of Globalization & Trade Unions
…Issues that need consideration of
trade unions

2. What is Globalization? Participants views

3. Phenomenon of Globalization is – Closer integration of the countries and people of the world, brought about by enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge and (to a lesser extent) people across borders - Joseph Stiglitz in Globalization and its discontents, 2002.

4. Economic Globalisation constitutes integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct foreign investment (by corporations and MNCs), short term capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity in general and flows of technology - Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defense of Globalisation, 2004.

5. GLOBALISATION OF:
Trade
Production
Finance
Cultures
Politics
Economic

6. Global Background
1/5 of world population controls 80% of world’s resources 世界20%的人口掌握着世界财富的80%
20% of the world’s population consumes 86% of goods produced 世界20%的人口消费着86%的
世界产品的
The richest 20% of the world’s population had at their disposal 86% of the world GDP while the poorest 20% had access to a mere 1% 世界最富有的20%人口掌握世界GDP的86%， 而最贫穷的人口可支配的约1%

7. Why Globalisation?
Capital Needs Markets…new markets for growing/profits;
Developing countries need to grow, need capital, technology, access to new goods & services;
Investors need free trade, minimum or no regulations on capital and safe guarding of their investments;
Therefore economic reforms, free trade and Globalization!

8. Forces behind Globalization
G7 Countries (reflecting Business/Financial Capital Interests) - US Treasury Dept major player
IMF
World Bank
WTO – Estd on 1st Jan 1995
Regional Banks like ADB and Private Banking
MNCs, Global based Investment Funds, TNCs, UN
Organizations,
Estd after 2nd WW in 1944

9. Policies Under Globalization
Washington Consensus – the consensus between IMF, the World Bank and the US Treasury on economic policies for developing countries:
Cut deficit/reduce govt expenditure, Raise taxes &/or raise interest rates, Privatize and liberalize capital markets (i.e. allow free inflow-outflow of foreign capital).
Supremacy of markets, the Government - a problem!
Deregulate economy, Privatise the public sector, Reduce/eliminate trade barriers, National Treatment to MNCs, Focus on FDI rather than Foreign Aid, No performance requirements on Capital,
Reform labour laws to promote employment flexibility

10. New Rules of the Game Open Economies, Free Markets
Unions need to look into GATT/WTO agreement -
TRIMS, TRIPS, NAMA & the FTAs being negotiated – bilaterally and multilaterally
Whose needs do these serve? DCs? LDCs?
Who pays the price? Workers/Employment, Local Production Capital
Answer does not lie in Protectionism
Role for the Government
Need for level playing field,
Role for TUs & labour standards

11. Impact of Globalization
Negative on employment in the organized sector – in both OECD and developing ctys
Downward pressure on labour standards
Strain on International Labour Solidarity
Restricting Democracy
Impacting on TU memberships and Rights
Q? What are the major impacts on workers and local industry of economic policy changes in China after 1990s?

12. The World of Work and Trade Unions in the Era of Globalisation

13. Changes in the world of work
Downsizing, increasing workload and insecurity of employment, preference for casual labour,
Job losses, growing unemployment as local industry and areas of economic activity decline due to foreign competition,
Deterioration in social protection standards (social security systems shifting from publicly funded to insurance based contributory schemes),
Weakening of public transport, health care systems, primary education, and so on as public expenditure and role of Government in these sectors declines,
Growth of unorganised informal sectors and unorganised labour,

14. Changes in the world of work
Shift in the nature of employment relations from employer-employee to client-supplier relationships,
Outsourcing; reduce regular workforce
[Companies now outsource production, intermediate goods from vendors, no need for inventories; recruitment, accounting, compensation, performance appraisals, marketing, etc are also outsourced to vendors and consultants]
Undermining of labour standards in general, as also of tripartite and collective bargaining structures, Reduced political influence in CBAs,
Weakening of trade unions also thru new HR policies
[employees welfare measures, flat structures of management, encourage employees to direct their grievances to mgt rather than come thru trade union]

15. Divisions in the Labour Market
Workforce divided, Protection under labour laws differs depending on which category a worker falls under, such as -
Regular, Contract, Casual, Temporary, Muster roll, Adhoc employees, Migrant, etc.
No comprehensive employer-employee relationship law that sets the basic labour standards and which applies to all the workers in the economy.
Q? What category of workers in China are hard to
protect under the labour law? Why?

16. So, what can trade unions do?
Organise! Increased memberships will increase political and economic influence - what can TUs do to make the workers come to the unions?
On labour law front - raise demands that create basic labour standards and which apply to all workers,
Campaign for core ILO labour standards, particularly – C 87 & 98,
Build alliances with other social partners – both within and outside the country - Links with world TU bodies (such as WFTU, WCL, ICFTU, GUFs), ILO, NGOs, Consumer movement – role of international labour solidarity, Global Collective Bargaining (IFAs),

17. So, what can trade unions do?
Influencing rules of International Trade & Investment laws – thru national & International action,
Using Workers Capital to promote Union Rights and other labour standards
Need for Workers Participation in the Management & Investment Decisions of the Provident & Pension funds – Labour Social Clause in the Investment Pattern
Provide new services to the workers for social protection, social welfare, legal aid and ???
And – what else can TUs do ???

18. ILO’s Agenda 国际劳工组织的议程
Decent Work and the role of the ILO to enhance:
体面劳动和国际劳工组织的作用要加强：
Workers’ rights 工人权利
Employment 就业
Social protection 社会保护
Social Dialogue 社会对话
Social dimension of Globalisation and the role of the ILO in the world agenda (G8 and relationships with IMF/WB/WTO)
全球化的社会影响和国际劳工组织在世界议程中的作用（8国集团以及与国际货币基金组织/世界银行/世界贸易组织之间的关系）

19. Group Work
How has Globalisation affected Chinese workers and trade unions?
[List the important changes that have occurred in Chinese economic and labour policies that have affected (positively & negatively) the employment and Trade Unions]
What are the major factors that prevent unionisation and collective bargaining in Private Industry in China?
What actions has ACFTU taken or can take to meet challenges of Globalization?
What role can the International Trade Union Movement play in assisting ACFTU to meet the challenges of Globalization?