1. Causes of Blindness Worldwide Carmen Leyva Vicki Herrin Hampton Huddleston

2. Global causes of blindness as a percentage of total blindness in 2002

3. Cataracts  A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, which lies behind the iris and the pupil. The lens works much like a camera lens, focusing light onto the retina at the back of the eye. The lens also adjusts the eye's focus, letting us see things clearly both up close and far away.  The lens is mostly made of water and protein. The protein is arranged in a precise way that keeps the lens clear and lets light pass through it. Three Types :  Subcapsular cataract  Nuclear cataract  Cortical cataract

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5. http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts.htm An intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted in the eye in place of the clouded natural lens.

6. In India alone, there is a backlog of 9.3 million people waiting for cataract surgery. http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/cata%20djib%2096.JPG

8. Glaucoma  Glaucoma refers to a category of eye disorders often associated with a dangerous buildup of internal eye pressure (intraocular pressure or IOP), which can damage the eye's optic nerve that transmits visual information to the brain.  With untreated or uncontrolled glaucoma, you might eventually notice decreased ability to see at the edges of your vision (peripheral vision). Progressive eye damage could then lead to blindness.  Glaucoma creates at least some vision loss in more than half of the approximately 2.5 million Americans estimated to have the eye disease and is the second leading cause of blindness.

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10. http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma.htm In ophthalmology, tonometry is the procedure eyecare professionals perform to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), the fluid pressure inside the eye. Tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

12. Macular Degeneration  Macular Degeneration is the progressive deterioration of the macula, the light-sensitive cells of the central retina, at the back of the eye.  As the macular cells malfunction and die, central vision becomes gray, distorted and is eventually lost. Peripheral vision does not become affected.  The macula contains the highest concentration of photosensitive cells  Fine detail vision and critical color vision are located in the macula.  The macula depends on nutrient diffusion from the choroid layer. Anything that interferes with this nutrient supply can lead to MD

13. Macular Degeneration Most Common Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)  It typically affects people age 50+  It is the 3 rd cause of blindness in the world accounting for 9% of all blindness  Number of individuals affected is expected to double by the year 2020 as a result of ageing

14. Macular Degeneration Causes of Age-Related Macular Degeneration  Aging  Obesity and Inactivity  Heredity  High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)  Smoking  Lighter Eye Color  Drug Side Effects Macular Degeneration Diagnosed Although vision loss is irreversible, early detection of MD may slow the progression of dry to wet AMD

15. Macular Degeneration Tests used:  Eye Exam  Amsler Grid Test  Fluorescein Angiography  Indocyanine Green Angiography (IGCA)  Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)  Genetic Testing Treatment For Age-Related Macular Degeneration Anti-angiogenic Therapy (injectable drug treatment Photocoagulation (laser surgery) Photodynamic Therapy (injectable drug treatment) Submacular Hemorrhage Displacement Surgery

16. Cystoid Macular Degeneration Retinal Pigment Epithelial detachment Age-Related Macular Degeneration myvisiontest.com mvretina.com oph.ucsd.edu clevelandsightcenter.org medicineworld.org

18. Diabetic Retinopathy  Diabetic Retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and it is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina  In some people with diabetic retinopathy, blood vessels may swell and leak fluid  In other people, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina

19. Diabetic Retinopathy Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy  Mild Nonproliferative Retinopathy  Moderate Nonproliferative Retinopathy  Severe Nonproliferative Retinopathy  Proliferative Retinopathy Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy  Proliferative Retinopathy, the most advanced state of the disease  Macular Edema, where fluid can leak into the center of the macula, causing swelling

20. Diabetic Retinopathy How is Diabetic Retinopathy Treated No treatment is needed during first 3 stages unless there is macular edema. Important to control levels of blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol to prevent progression If Needed:  Laser Surgery  Injection of Triamcinolone into the eye  Vitrectomy

21. Diabetic Retinopathy It is the 4 th cause of blindness in the world accounting for 5% of all blindness (1.8 million persons) At least 171 million people worldwide have diabetes and this number is likely to increase more than double by 2030 to 366 million After 15 years about 2% of persons with diabetes will become blind and 10% will develop severe visual loss After 20 years more than 75% will have some form of diabetic retinopathy

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24. Global estimate of visual Impairment, by WHO region, 2002 Population of African Region: 672.238 million No. Of Blind People: 6.782 million No. With low vision: 19.996 million No. With visual Impairment:26.778 million Population of the Americas:852.551 million No. Of Blind People: 2.419 million No. With low vision: 13.116 million No. With visual Impairment:15.535 million Population of the Eastern Med. Region:1717.536 million No. Of Blind People: 9.312 million No. With low vision: 32.481 million No. With visual Impairment:41.793 million

25. Global estimate of visual Impairment, by WHO region, 2002 Population of European Region: 877.886 million No. Of Blind People: 2.732 million No. With low vision: 12.789 million No. With visual Impairment:15.521 million Population of Souteast Asia Region:1590.832 million No. Of Blind People: 11.587 million No. With low vision: 33.496 million No. With visual Impairment:45.083 million Population of the Western Pacific Region:502.823 million No. Of Blind People: 4.026 million No. With low vision: 12.444 million No. With visual Impairment:16.469 million Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002 Serge Resnikoff,1 Donatella Pascolini,2 Daniel Etya’ale,3 Ivo Kocur,3 Ramachandra Pararajasegaram,4 Gopal P. Pokharel,3 & Silvio P. Mariotti3

26. References Macular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.answers.com/topic/macular- degeneration Age-Related Macular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amd.htm Macular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/macular-degeneration/ http://www.mayoclinic.org/macular-degeneration/ Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy Facts About Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.asp http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.asp What is Vision 2020? (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WHATVISION2020 http://vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WHATVISION2020 10 facts about blindness and visual impairment (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/blindness/blindness_fa cts/en/index.html http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/blindness/blindness_fa cts/en/index.html Macular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.answers.com/topic/macular-degeneration Age-Related Macular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amd.htm

27. References http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjaYUxZ9rSU&feature= player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k660bCERJXk&feature= player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZoVXG- 3Ke4&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_FhSo5vNB4&feature= player_embedded http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/cataracts.htm http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma.htm Macular Degeneration (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/macular-degeneration/ Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy Facts About Diabetic Retinopathy (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2010 from http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.asp What is Vision 2020? (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WHATVISION2020 10 facts about blindness and visual impairment (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2010 from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/blindness/blindness_facts/en/ index.html http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/blindness/blindness_facts/en/ index.html

28. References AMD is the commonest cause of blindness in industrialized countries http://www.vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WIBAGERELMU SCDEG http://www.vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WIBAGERELMU SCDEG Diabetic retinopathy is responsible for 4.8% of the 37 million cases of blindness due to eye diseases http://www.vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WIBDIEBETIC http://www.vision2020.org/main.cfm?type=WIBDIEBETIC