1. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20071 Resonant multi-turn extraction project: principle and experiments at the CERN Proton Synchrotron M. Giovannozzi For PS Multi-Turn Extraction Project Summary:  Introduction  Present multi-turn extraction  New multi-turn extraction (MTE)  Measurement results  Implementation of MTE  Conclusions

2. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20072 Introduction - I Three approaches are normally used to extract beam from a circular machine: Fast Extraction (one turn) A kicker (fast dipole) displaces the beam from nominal closed orbit. A kicker (fast dipole) displaces the beam from nominal closed orbit. A septum magnet deflects displaced beam towards transfer line. A septum magnet deflects displaced beam towards transfer line. This extraction can be used both to transfer beam towards a ring or an experimental area. This extraction can be used both to transfer beam towards a ring or an experimental area. Slow Extraction (millions turns) The separatix of the third- order resonance increases particles’ amplitude until they jump beyond the septum. The separatix of the third- order resonance increases particles’ amplitude until they jump beyond the septum. The tune is changed to shrink the stable region, thus pushing the particles towards larger amplitudes. The tune is changed to shrink the stable region, thus pushing the particles towards larger amplitudes. This extraction is used to transfer beam towards an experimental area. This extraction is used to transfer beam towards an experimental area. What is in between? Multi-turn!

3. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20073 Introduction - II Multi-turn extraction The beam has to be “manipulated” to increase the effective length beyond the machine circumference. This extraction mode is used to transfer beam between circular machines. AT CERN this mode is used to transfer the proton beam between PS and SPS. In the SPS the beam is used for Fixed Target physics (broad sense) Neutrino experiments (until 1998) CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso (CNGS) (from 2006) These beams are high-intensity (about 3×10 13 p in the PS). CNGS would appreciate having even more (about 4.8×10 13 p in the PS).

4. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20074 Present multi-turn extraction – I First PS batch Second PS batch Gap for kicker C SPS = 11 C PS PSPS SPS circumference Beam current transformer in the PS/SPS transfer line 1 2 3 4 5 (total spill duration 0.010 ms) 1 2 3 4 5 (total spill duration 0.010 ms)

5. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20075 Electrostatic septum blade Present multi-turn extraction – II Length Kicker strength Four turns Fifth turn X X’ 135 2 4 Slow bump Electrostatic septum (beam shaving) Extraction septum Kicker magnets used to generate a closed orbit bump around electrostatic septum Extraction line E field =0 E field ≠0

6. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20076 Present multi-turn extraction –III The main drawbacks of the present scheme are: Losses (about 15% of total intensity) are unavoidable due to the presence of the electrostatic septum used to slice the beam. The electrostatic septum is irradiated. This poses problems for hands-on maintenance. The phase space matching is not optimal (the various slices have “fancy shapes”), thus inducing betatronic mismatch in the receiving machine, i.e. emittance blow-up. The slices have different emittances and optical parameters.

7. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20077 Novel multi-turn extraction – I The main ingredients of the novel extraction: The beam splitting is not performed using a mechanical device, thus avoiding losses. Indeed, the beam is separated in the transverse phase space using The beam splitting is not performed using a mechanical device, thus avoiding losses. Indeed, the beam is separated in the transverse phase space using Nonlinear magnetic elements (sextupoles ad octupoles) to create stable islands. Slow (adiabatic) tune-variation to cross an appropriate resonance. This approach has the following beneficial effects: This approach has the following beneficial effects: Losses are reduced (virtually to zero). The phase space matching is improved with respect to the present situation. The beamlets have the same emittance and optical parameters.

8. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20078 Model used in numerical simulations Standard approach: nonlinear elements represented as a single kick at the same location in the ring (Hénon-like polynomial maps). Vertical motion neglected. Normalised (adimensional co-ordinates). QuadrupolesSextupoleOctupole The linear tune is time-dependent

9. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 20079 Novel multi-turn extraction – II Right: intermediate phase space topology. Islands are created near the centre. Bottom: final phase space topology. Islands are separated to allow extraction. Left: initial phase space topology. No islands.

10. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200710 Novel multi-turn extraction - III Tune variation Phase space portrait Simulation parameters: Hénon-like map (i.e. 2D polynomial – degree 3 - mapping) representing a FODO cell with sextupole and octupole

11. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200711 Novel multi-turn extraction – IV Final stage after 20000 turns (about 42 ms for CERN PS) About 6 cm in physical space Slow (few thousand turns) bump first (closed distortion of the periodic orbit) Fast (less than one turn) bump afterwards (closed distortion of periodic orbit) B field ≠ 0 B field = 0 At the septum location

12. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200712 The capture process - I Numerical simulations Relative number of particles in beamlets vs. sigma of initial gaussian distribution

13. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200713 The capture process - II Numerical simulations Relative emittance of beamlets vs. sigma of initial Gaussian distribution

14. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200714 Novel multi-turn extraction - V The original goal of this study was to find a replacement to the present Continuous Transfer used at CERN for the high-intensity proton beams. However the novel technique proved to be useful also in different context, e.g. The same approach can be applied for multi-turn injection (time-reversal property of the physics involved). multi-turn extraction over a different number of turns can be designed, provided the appropriate resonance is used. Multiple multi-turn extractions could be considered, e.g. to extract the beam remaining in the central part of phase space.

15. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200715 Novel multi-turn extraction with other resonances - I Tune variation Phase space portrait Simulation parameters: Hénon-like map with sextupole and octupole The third- order resonance is used, thus giving a three-turn extraction

16. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200716 Novel multi-turn extraction with other resonances - II The fifth-order resonance is used, thus giving a six-turn extraction The second-order resonance is used, thus giving a two-turn extraction

17. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200717 Non-linear elements can be used to make the fourth-order resonance unstable by canceling the amplitude detuning. Possible applications: Four-turn extraction. Deplete the core region to achieve a better intensity sharing. Novel multi-turn extraction: 4 th order unstable resonance - new application! Master thesis Diego Quatraro

18. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200718 Novel multi-turn injection: new application! Simulation parameters: Third-order polynomial map representing a FODO cell with sextupole and octupole The fourth-order resonance is used for a four-turn injection Tune variation Phase space portrait Efficient method to generate hollow beams!

19. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200719 Novel multi-turn injection: new application! Possible applications: transverse shaping of beam distribution. M. Giovannozzi, J. Morel, PRST-AB, 10, 034001 (2007) “Standard” hollow beam distribution “Flat” beam distribution obtained by injecting a fifth turn in the centre.

20. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200720 Novel multi-turn injection: new application! Observation: the proposed method seems to be more efficient in generating smaller emittance beams than standard multi-turn injection! M. Giovannozzi, J. Morel, PRST- AB, 10, 034001 (2007)

21. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200721 Experimental results - I Experimental tests were undertaken since 2002. 2002 run: proof-of-principle of the capture process using a low intensity beam. 2003 run: detailed study of capture process with low-intensity beam and first tests with high- intensity proton beam. 2004 run: main focus on high-intensity beam to solve problems observed in 2003. 2006 run: improve intensity sharing. Overall strategy: Phase space reconstruction using low-intensity, pencil beam. Capture with low-intensity, large horizontal emittance beam. Capture with high-intensity beam.

22. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200722 Experimental results - II Key elements for experimental tests. Phase space reconstruction is based on fast digitiser applied to closed orbit pick-ups. Key elements for experimental tests. Phase space reconstruction is based on fast digitiser applied to closed orbit pick-ups.

23. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200723 Experimental results - III The pencil beam is kicked into the islands producing a strong coherent signal (filamentation is suppressed). Initial wiggles represent beam oscillations around the islands’ centre. Measured detuning inside an island compared to numerical simulations.

24. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200724 Data analysis and beam parameters The wire scanner is the key instrument for these studies. Raw data are stored for off-line analysis. Five Gaussians are fitted to the measured profiles to estimate beam parameters of five beamlets. Beam parameters Intensity  * H (  )/  * V (  ) Low-intensity pencil beam 5×10 11 2.3/ 1.3 Low-intensity large H emittance 5×10 11 6.2/ 1.6 High intensity beam 6×10 12 9.4/ 6.4

25. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200725 Influence of octupole strength Octupole action Island size. Island size. Detuning with amplitude. Detuning with amplitude. Problems with the fit

26. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200726 Crucial part: high-intensity beam - I Reduction of octupole strength to move the beamlets outwards 14 GeV/c flat-top 1.4 GeV flat-bottom Tune sweep

27. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200727 After optimisation of transverse and longitudinal parameters Capture losses are reduced to zero… Horizontal beam profile Depleted region: extraction septum blade will not intercept any particle

28. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200728 A movie to show the evolution of beam distribution A series of horizontal beam profiles in section 54 have been taken during the capture process. The beam is the high-intensity one.

29. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200729 Other studies with high-intensity beams: how to increase the fraction of trapped particles The horizontal emittance delivered by the PS-Booster was increased at its maximum value. The strength of the octupole was varied to change the island size The strength of the sextupoles was changed too (more difficult as this has an impact on chromaticity). Summary of results (detailed data analysis is in progress) The fraction of trapped particles reached about 18% (NB: the limit set by SPS on the turn-by-turn intensity variation is (20±1)% for the last beamlet). Some losses were observed during resonance crossing (about 2-3%).

30. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200730 Experimental conditions sextupoles and octupole scan Injection Free parameter during octupole scan Free parameter during sextupole scan Profile measurement Beginning of magnetic flat-top

31. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200731 Best result (2004) in terms of capture Assuming that: Beamlets are affected by a different solid angle Beamlets are fitted using five gaussians. Instead of imposing the same integral for the four beamlets (physical arguments), only three have such a constraint (solid angle consideration). Fit constraint: same integral Capture 18% three rightmost beamlets 16% single leftmost beamlet Scintillator is on this side!

32. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200732 Best result (2006) in terms of capture Using a setting based on the reduction of the amplitude- dependent detuning, the fraction of trapped particles: Core: 22% Core: 22% Beamlets: 19.5% Beamlets: 19.5% increases to the required (20±1)%. increases to the required (20±1)%. Total intensity: 2.5× 10 12 p Losses at capture: about 1% (without optimization).

33. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200733 Fast-extraction tests in TT2 The high-intensity beam is fast extracted towards the dump D3. Prior to extraction beamlets are partially merged back with central core. The OTR in TT2 allows visualising the 2D beam distribution (pixel size is 225  m). Beamlets projected onto x-axis

34. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200734 Implementation of MTE - I Three main items: Generation of stable islands Extraction proper: Slow bump to approach the septum Fast bump to jump septum Generation of stable islands two pairs (spaced by 2  ) of two sextupoles one octupole will be used

35. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200735 Implementation of MTE - II Extraction proper: slow bump Six dipoles, independently powered, are foreseen. Large number of magnets -> optimal bump shape. Present slow bump: four dipoles powered with a series/parallel circuit.

36. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200736 Implementation of MTE - III Extraction proper: fast bump Five kicker systems in the PS ring. Two kickers to correct the extraction trajectories in the transfer line. Maximum kick about 1.8 mrad at 14 GeV/c. Fast bump for extracting the fifth turn (centre core)

37. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200737 Summary of changes in the PS ring Legend: SS -> Straight Section. MU -> Magnet Unit. Red circle -> “heavy” intervention: mechanical design, vacuum intervention. Orange circle -> “light” intervention: auxiliary magnet exchange. SS02 SS13 SS12 SS08 SS04 SS03 SS21 SS20 SS22 MU14 SS15 MU15 MU16 MU18 MU19 SS60 SS35 SS39 SS55 SS18 SS19 SS68 SS74 Extraction region Sextupoles and octupoles

38. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200738 Critical issues: available mechanical aperture - I

39. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200739 Critical issues: available mechanical aperture - II

40. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200740 Time scale of changes Install slow extraction sextupoles in SS03, keeping those in SS19. Replace magnets of slow bump 16 with type 205 magnets. Remove slow extraction sextupoles in SS19. Move cavity. Enlarge vacuum chambers. Install kickers. Install modified vacuum chambers (straight sections and magnets). Build and install sextupoles and new octupoles. Install new power converters for bump 16. Install new wire scanner. 05/06 06/07 07/08

41. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200741 Summary and Outlook - I A novel multi-turn extraction is studied since a few years This approach allows manipulating the transverse emittance in a synchrotron! Numerical simulations on a simple model confirmed the validity of the principle. Experimental tests showed that: Capture into stable islands: successfully* obtained with both low- and high-intensity, single-bunch beam. Beamlets separation: successfully* obtained with both low- and high-intensity, single-bunch beam. multi-turn extraction proper: attempted. Hardware limitations might prevent realistic tests. Increased trapping fraction: latest tests showed that more than 19 % can be trapped inside islands. Some beam losses at resonance crossing where observed (about 1 %), but no optimization was performed. *without measurable losses

42. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200742 Summary and Outlook - II The same principle can be used for injection. Transverse shaping is possible, i.e. generation of hollow bunches. Since late 2006, a project was set-up to implement the novel multi-turn extraction at the CERN PS: The implementation will be staged (two steps). The crucial part will be the installation during the 2006/7 (very successful) and 2007/8 (very challenging) shutdowns. First stage should be commissioned by mid-2008. Complete extraction will be commissioned by mid- 2009.

43. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200743 Acknowledgements: The members of the PS Multi-Turn Extraction Project D. Allard, M. J. Barnes, O. E. Berrig, A. Beuret, D. Bodart, J. Borburgh, P. Bourquin, R. Brown, J.-P. Burnet, F. Caspers, J.-M. Cravero, T. Dobers, T. Fowler, A. Franchi, S. Gilardoni, M. Giovannozzi (Project Leader), M. Hourican, W. Kalbreier, T. Kroyer, Ch. Lacroix, E. Mahner, F. di Maio, M. Martini, E. Métral, V. Mertens, K. D. Metzmacher, C. Rossi, J.-P. Royer, L. Sermeus, R. Steerenberg, G. Villiger, T. Zickler.

44. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200744 The capture process - I Initial gaussian distribution Particles in island 2 Particles in island 4 Particles in island 6 Particles in island 8 Particles in beam core

45. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200745 Analytical computation of island’s parameters Using perturbative theory (normal forms) it is possible to derive analytical estimate of island’s parameters. Distance of fixed points from origin of phase space Distance between separatices Normalised phase space Island’s surface Distance from resonance Secondary frequency

46. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200746 Example: how to keep island’s surface constant To be tested with numerical simulations… X X’ 1 X’X 2 X’ X 3 2 1 3

47. Massimo GiovannozziFermilab - July 3rd 200747 Reversibility BeforeAfter Fast crossing:  t 5 ms. Trapped particles Slow crossing:  t 90 ms. BeforeAfter Large Gaussian tails No difference observed if  t > 20-40 ms.