1. Media and Water Testing

2. Services provided by: UK Soils Laboratory Division of Regulatory Services Cooperative Extension Service College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Assistance with interpretation provided by departmental Extension faculty

3. Goal Support County Extension Agents in effectively and efficiently providing media and water analysis services to help clientele diagnosis problems and manage agricultural enterprises

4. Agenda Introduction of topic and background information Water testing form, bottle and sample handling and procedures Water test results and interpretation Soilless Media testing form and sample handling and procedures Media test results and interpretation Discussion of procedures in the County Office Pour-through method for a quick assessment Portable EC and pH meter Questions

5. Materials in your hand for this training Water Testing submission form with instructions Soilless Media Testing submission form with instructions HO 111, Understanding Irrigation Water Test Results and Their Implications HO 112, Understanding Soilless Media Test Results and Their Implications on Nursery and Greenhouse Crop Management

6. Why? When? … to test water or soilless media

7. Steps in the Process Sample is taken and form completed County sends completed form and sample to Regulatory Services, Soils Laboratory Soils Laboratory analyzes the sample Emails results back to county and to Horticulture and/or tobacco specialists Specialist adds comments/recommendations and emails back to county and Soils Lab

8. Irrigation Water Testing Chemical Properties Only

9. Sampling and Handling From the source, not through irrigation system Run briefly before sampling Fill sample bottle and the pour down to ½- inch from top Tighten cap Store in refrigerator (briefly if necessary) Do not freeze Submit as soon as possible

10. Sampling and Handling From the source, not through irrigation system Run briefly before sampling Fill sample bottle and the pour down to ½- inch from top Tighten cap Store in refrigerator (briefly if necessary) Do not freeze Submit as soon as possible

11. Sample Submission Form

13. Report of Results

14. Irrigation Water Test Interpretation

15. Interpretative Publication HO-111 Understanding Irrigation Water Test Results and Their Implications on Nursery and Greenhouse Crop Management Dewayne L. Ingram, Professor Department of Horticulture

16. pH 5.5 to 7.0 - generally acceptable Less than 5.5 - potential problem and the elemental constituents of the water should be examined closely Greater than 7.0 - a possible problem, especially if there is high alkalinity; may interfere with the effectiveness of some pesticides and growth regulators when used as spray water

17. Electrical Conductivity (EC) Gage of the free ions in a solution Also referred to as dissolved/soluble salts Units of Measure: – milli-siemens/cm (mS/cm) = mmhos/cm – Reciprocal of Ohms (resistance) 1 dS/m = 1 mmhos/cm = 1 mS/cm

18. Source: Cavins, et al. Electrical Conductivity (EC)

19. Measure of soluble salts Less than 0.75 - no problem expected 0.75 to 3.0 - increasing concern of excessive accumulation of soluble salts over time Greater than 3.0 - expect severe problems

20. Measure of the buffering capacity of water Mostly CO 3 −2 and HCO 3 − Associated with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ High alkalinity - same effect as limestone addition May cause rise in substrate pH over time Notice the term alkaline (pH > 7) is entirely different from the term alkalinity (capacity to resist a change in pH) Alkalinity

21. Less than 150 ppm – no problem expected; 100 ppm is high for plug production 150 to 300 ppm – increasing concern if the water pH is greater than 7.5. Expect the pH of the growing substrate to increase throughout production of the crop; use acidifying fertilizers regularly, use more acid growing substrate. Greater than 300 ppm – significant problems if the water pH is greater than 7.5. The substrate pH will rise rapidly throughout the production of the crop and cause many nutrient problems. Acid injection into the water may be the only remedy if this water source must be used for irrigation.

22. Nitrate Nitrogen Less than 5 ppm – no problem expected Greater than 5 ppm – no cultural problems for plant production, however, a nitrate level greater than 5 is a good indication that your water source is polluted. There can be greater variability in this laboratory measurement compared to other measurements.

23. Phosphorus 0 to 3 ppm – no problem expected Greater than 5 ppm - could interfere with the uptake of other nutrients; addition of P in the fertilization program may not be necessary; could be signal of potential water source contamination by applied fertilizer, detergents, etc.

24. Potassium 0 to 10 ppm – no problem expected Greater than 10 ppm - no cultural problems for plant production expected. Potassium levels this high in Kentucky water samples are rare and could be potential sign that the potential water source is contaminated with fertilizer.

25. Calcium Less than 60 ppm – expect calcium deficiencies in plant production unless calcium is added in the fertilizer program. Greater than 60 ppm – no cultural problems for plant production expected. Hydroponic nutrient solutions for plant production use rates of 80 to 130 ppm Ca. Irrigation water with high calcium may need no additional Ca additions through fertilization. Higher amounts of Ca will compete with P and Mg and reduce their availability to plants.

26. Magnesium Less than 25 ppm – expect Mg deficiencies in plant production unless magnesium is added in the fertilization program. 25 to 50 ppm – should be adequate for production of most plants; hydroponic nutrient solutions use rates of 30 to 50 ppm Mg Greater than 50 ppm – no cultural problems for plant production. Mg levels this high in Kentucky water samples are rare and could be a sign that the potential water source is contaminated with fertilizer.

27. Zinc 0 to 0.3 ppm – no problem expected Greater than 0.3 ppm - could cause toxicity in sensitive plants, especially at low substrate pH; high Zn in Kentucky water sources is rare and could be a sign that the potential water source is contaminated from old galvanized pipe.

28. Copper 0 to 0.2 ppm – no problem expected Greater than 0.2 ppm - could cause toxicity in sensitive plants, especially at low substrate pH; high Cu levels in Kentucky water sources are rare

29. Iron 0 to 1 ppm – no problem expected Greater than 1 ppm – could cause foliar spotting in sensitive plants and clog some micro-irrigation emitters Greater than 5 ppm – can cause toxicity symptoms in some plants, particularly at a substrate pH below 5.5

30. Manganese 0 to 1 ppm – no problem expected 1 to 2 ppm – usually not toxic to plants but usually not found this high in Kentucky water sources

31. Boron Less than 1.0 ppm – no problem expected. However, poinsettia is particularly sensitive to boron toxicity from B levels as low as 0.5 ppm. 1.0 to 2.0 ppm – toxicity may be a problem on some plants Greater than 2.0 ppm – expect toxicity symptoms at low substrate pH

32. Sodium Less than 50 ppm – no problem expected Greater than 50 ppm – expect salt concentration in the growing substrate to increase over time

33. Recommendations More information = better targeted interpretation and recommendations

38. High Alkalinity Water Low Alkalinity Water Target pH pH Drift Source: Bailey, 1996

39. pH = 9 Alkalinity = 50 pH = 7 Alkalinity = 300 Effect of Water Alkalinity on Substrate pH

40. pH = 9 Alkalinity = 50 Little or no effect on substrate pH pH = 7 Alkalinity = 300 Substantial increase in substrate pH Effect of Water Alkalinity on Substrate pH

41. Water Quality Treatment Options Total Alkalinity (ppm) reverse osmosis acid injection acid reaction fertilizer no treatment > 450 200-450 100-200 < 75-100

42. WellMunicipal Creek pH7.6 7.8 7.7 Conductivity0.7 0.2 98.0 Calcium2.8 36.2 31.5 Magnesium0.5 12.6 10.5 Sodium65.2 8.1 9.4

43. Water Test Report for Teaching Greenhouse Tap Water Laboratory Results pH 8.2Phosphorus 0.5ppmZinc 0.1ppm Conductivity 0.34mmho/cmPotassium 2.5ppmCopper 0.0ppm Alkalinity 102ppmCalcium 49.4ppmIron 0.0ppm Nitrate-N 1ppmMagnesium 6.6ppmManganese 0.0ppm Boron 0.0ppm Sodium 13.4ppm

44. Questions?

45. Soilless Media Testing

46. Sample Submission Form

47. Sampling and Handling Variables – Crop species – Planting time – Container size – Environment Limited by block management Timing relative to activities & events Several locations in representative block 6-8 subsamples – Thoroughly mix Submit a 2-pint sample; two sample bags

48. Submit a Large Sample +

49. Report of Results

50. Soilless Media Test Interpretation

51. Nutrient Concentration Ranges LowAcceptableOptimalHigh Very High pH < 5.0 5.0-5.6 5.7- 6.5 6.6-7.0 >7.0 Soluble Salts – dS/m; mS/cm < 1.5 1.5-2.4 2.5-3.4 3.5-4.5 >4.5 Nitrate Nitrogen (NO 3 N) – ppm < 40 40-99 100-199 200-300 >300 Phosphorus (P) – ppm < 3 3-5 6-10 11-18 >18 Potassium (K) – ppm < 60 60-149 150-249 250-350 >350 Calcium (Ca) – ppm < 80 80-139 140-219 > 220 Magnesium (Mg) – ppm < 30 30-59 60-99 100-150 >150

52. Nutrient Concentration Ranges LowAcceptableOptimalHigh Very High Sodium (Na) – ppm <70 > 70 Iron (Fe) – ppm < 55 - 1011 -30> 30 Manganese (Mn) - ppm < 55 - 1011 - 30> 30 Zinc (Zn) - ppm < 55 - 1011 - 30> 30 Boron (B) – ppm < 0.050.05 - 0.50.6 – 1.01.0 – 2.0> 2.0 Copper (Cu) – ppm < 0.50.5 – 1.01.1 – 1.5> 1.5

53. Substrate / Medium ‘Starter Charge’ of fertilizer Lime (Ca and Mg Carbonates) Irrigation Water Fertilizer Factors Influencing Media EC

54. Ammonium vs Nitrates Ammonium and urea behave the same way in soil reactions and plant utilization Ammonium application reduces pH Nitrate application increases pH NH 4 < 40% of total N Ammonium toxicity

55. Adjusting Substrate pH NH 4 + H + Acidic reaction NO 3 - OH - Basic reaction NH 4 NO 3 + 2H + + H 2 O Nitrification (acidic reaction) Root

56. Ammonium Toxicity Can occur when ammonium provides more than 50% of total N Occurs at higher levels of fertility… luxury consumption More prevalent in herbaceous plants than woody plants Yellowing, necrosis, rolling of leaf margins… differs with crop Related to the capacity of the plant to store NH 4

57. Osmocote 70*F Osmosis (swelling and cracking) PRO or PLUS formulations “Old Staple” Nutricote 77*F Polyolefin membrane (single thickness) Florikote or Plus formulas Japanese product

58. Recommendations More information = better targeted interpretation and recommendations

59. Report of Results

60. Soilless Media Test

62. Plant Substrate Limestone Irrigation water alkalinity Fertilizer reaction Factors Influencing Substrate pH

63. Raise pH Adjusting Substrate pH Change water source Use nitrate (NO 3 - ) fertilizer Apply flowable lime drench Top dress with dolomitic lime Apply potassium bicarbonate drench Change water source Use ammonium (NH 4 + ) fertilizer Acidify water Iron sulfate drench Lower pH

64. Formulation Acidity Potential of Common Fertilizers 21-7-7 25-10-10 20-20-20 20-10-20 21-5-20 15-15-15 20-0-20-6 Ca 15-5-15-5 Ca-1 Mg 15-0-15-11 Ca 15.5-0-0-19 Ca A 1556 A 1040 A 680 A 429 A 389 A 260 A 40 B 141 B 420 B 400 Fertilizer reaction

65. Water Test Report for Teaching Greenhouse Tap Water Laboratory Results pH 8.2Phosphorus 0.5ppmZinc 0.1ppm Conductivity 0.34mmho/cmPotassium 2.5ppmCopper 0.0ppm Alkalinity 102ppmCalcium 49.4ppmIron 0.0ppm Nitrate-N 1ppmMagnesium 6.6ppmManganese 0.0ppm Boron 0.0ppm Sodium 13.4ppm

66. Formulation Acidity Potential of Common Fertilizers 21-7-7 25-10-10 20-20-20 20-10-20 21-5-20 15-15-15 20-0-20-6 Ca 15-5-15-5 Ca-1 Mg 15-0-15-11 Ca 15.5-0-0-19 Ca A 1556 A 1040 A 680 A 429 A 389 A 260 A 40 B 141 B 420 B 400 Fertilizer reaction

67. High Alkalinity Water High Nitrate (NO3) Fertilizers Low Alkalinity Water High Ammonium (NH4) Fertilizers Target pH High alkalinity water Basic reaction fertilizer Dolomitic lime top dress Flowable lime drench Potassium bicarbonate drench Adjusting Substrate pH Source: Bailey, 1996

68. Acid reaction fertilizer Low alkalinity water Acid injection Adjusting Substrate pH Source: Bailey, 1996 High Alkalinity Water High Nitrate (NO3) Fertilizers Low Alkalinity Water High Ammonium (NH4) Fertilizers Target pH

69. Pour-through Monitoring Non-destructive sampling – Developed by Dr. Robert Wright at VPI Fast and fairly accurate pH and EC status – EC in the 0.5 to 1.5 range during active growth Monitoring and recording over time!

70. 3-minute video UKREC YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGIOAaiZ0s4&list=PLBB4CD63DB2B55BB1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGIOAaiZ0s4&list=PLBB4CD63DB2B55BB1

71. Testing EC Different Procedure = Different Results The same medium would show: 1:2SMEPour Through 0.250.751.0 mS/cm

72. pH and EC Meters Hanna Instruments HI 98129 mS/cm HI 9811-5 Portable pH/EC/TDS/Temperature

73. Nutrient Analysis Foliar analysis – Foliar analysis provides measure of actual nutrient concentration of plant tissue – Problem: Often only very general guidelines are available for “optimal” nutrients concentrations – Concentrations can vary by: age of plant, leaf position, time of year

74. Nutrient Analysis Commercial Laboratory, such as: Waters Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. Owensboro, KY www.watersag.com/Owensboro.htm

75. Questions?