1. 12 © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy Appendix: The IS-LM Diagram Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano

2. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 2 of 29 The Goods Market and the Money Market The goods market is the market in which goods and services are exchanged and in which the equilibrium level of aggregate output is determined. The money market is the market in which financial instruments are exchanged and in which the equilibrium level of the interest rate is determined.

3. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 3 of 29 The Links Between the Goods Market and the Money Market There is a value of output (income) (Y) and a level of the interest rate (r) that are consistent with the existence of equilibrium in both markets. This chapter examines how monetary and fiscal policies affect the level of output, interest rates, and investment spending.

4. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 4 of 29 The Links Between the Goods Market and the Money Market Planned investment depends on the interest rate and money demand depends on income.

5. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 5 of 29 Link 1: Income and the Demand for Money Income, which is determined in the goods market, has considerable influence on the demand for money in the money market. When income falls, the demand for money falls and the interest rate falls.

6. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 6 of 29 Link 2: Planned Investment and the Interest Rate The interest rate, which is determined in the money market, has significant effects on planned investment in the goods market. When the interest rate rises, planned investment falls (fewer projects are likely to be undertaken).

7. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 7 of 29 Investment, the Interest Rate and the Goods Market An increase in the interest rate from 3 percent to 6 percent lowers planned aggregate expenditure and thus reduces equilibrium income from Y 0 to Y 1.

8. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 8 of 29 Equilibrium in the Money Market (review)

9. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 9 of 29 Money Demand, Aggregate Output (Income), and the Money Market Changes in aggregate output (income), which take place in the goods market, shift the money demand curve and cause changes in the interest rate.

10. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 10 of 29 Expansionary Policy Effects Expansionary fiscal policy is either an increase in government spending or a reduction in net taxes aimed at increasing aggregate output (income) (Y). Expansionary monetary policy is an increase in the money supply aimed at increasing aggregate output (income) (Y).

11. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 11 of 29 The Crowding-Out Effect The crowding-out effect is the tendency for increases in government spending to cause reductions in private investment spending. Y increases less than if r did not increase

12. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 12 of 29 The Crowding-Out Effect The crowding-out effect depends on the sensitivity or insensitivity of planned investment spending to changes in the interest rate. Interest sensitivity means that planned investment spending changes a great deal in response to changes in the interest rate.

13. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 13 of 29 Expansionary Monetary Policy: An Increase in the Money Supply An increase in the money supply decreases the interest rate and increases investment and income. However, the simultaneous increase in the demand for money keeps the interest rate from falling as far as it otherwise would. r decreases less than if M d did not increase

14. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 14 of 29 Fed Accommodation of an Expansionary Fiscal Policy An expansionary fiscal policy (higher government spending or lower taxes) will increase aggregate output (income). In turn, higher income will shift the money demand curve to the right, and put upward pressure on the interest rate.

15. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 15 of 29 Fed Accommodation of an Expansionary Fiscal Policy If the money supply were unchanged following an increase in the demand for money, the interest rate would rise. But if the Fed were to “accommodate” the fiscal expansion, the interest rate would not rise.

16. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 16 of 29 Contractionary Policy Effects Contractionary fiscal policy refers to a decrease in government spending or an increase in net taxes aimed at decreasing aggregate output (income) (Y).

17. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 17 of 29 Contractionary Fiscal Policy The decrease in Y is smaller when we take the money market into account.

18. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 18 of 29 Contractionary Monetary Policy Contractionary monetary policy refers to a decrease in the money supply aimed at decreasing aggregate output (income) (Y).

19. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 19 of 29 Contractionary Monetary Policy When we take into account the money market, the interest rate will increase by less, and the decrease in Y will be smaller. Y decreases less than if r did not decrease

20. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 20 of 29 The Macroeconomic Policy Mix ( M s ) Forces push the variable in different directions. Without additional information, we cannot specify which way the variable moves. ?: Variable decreases. : Variable increases. : Key: Y, r ?, I ?, CY ?, r, I, C ?Contractionary MONETARY POLICY ( M s ) Y ?, r, I, C ?Y, r ?, I ?, CExpansionary Contractionary ( G or T) Expansionary ( G or T) FISCAL POLICY The Effects of the Macroeconomic Policy Mix

21. C H A P T E R 12: Money, the Interest Rate, and Output: Analysis and Policy © 2004 Prentice Hall Business PublishingPrinciples of Economics, 7/eKarl Case, Ray Fair 21 of 29 Other Determinants of Planned Investment The interest rate Expectations of future sales Capital utilization rates Relative capital and labor costs The determinants of planned investment are: