1. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com NEPHROLOGY

2. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com Nephrology The main applications of infrared thermography in nephrology are: - diagnostics and express-diagnostics of infection of the urinary tract; - diagnostics of pre-clinical and latent stages of urinary infection; - dynamic thermographic examinations during the treatment for the control of the effectiveness of the therapy performed. Infrared thermography is a very suitable method, because it’s fast, reliable, non-contact and absolutely safe for patient and doctor. Infrared thermography has no limitations and may be successfully applied in babies, children and pregnant women.

3. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com In case of active inflammation processes, the thermogram shows a hyperthermic area above the affected kidney, the temperature gradient is from 1,2 to 2,5°C and it depends on the severity of the disease. Pyelonephritis Acute left side pyelonephritis.Acute right side pyelonephritis.Acute both side pyelonephritis.

4. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com Shape and size of the hyperthermic area depend on the individual specificity of the patient. Hyperthermic areas can be homogenous (usually in severe inflammations) or non-homogenous (latent stages). Pyelonephritis Right side pyelonephritis. Non- homogenous hyperthermia in subclinical stage. Acute both sides pyelonephritis. Homogenous hyperthermia in the case of severe inflammaton Left side pyelonephritis. Non- homogenous hyperthermia in subclinical stage.

5. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com At the chronic stage of pyelonephritis, in thermograms cold areas above the kidneys appear. Pyelonephritis Chronic pyelonephritis. Non- homogenous hypothermia on the lumbar area. Chronic pyelonephritis. Spotted hypothermia on the lumbar area.

6. In the case of infection of any part of the urinary tract (kidney, urinary bladder), a specific symptom appears in the thermogram: a thin hot line with several hot points on the internal surface of the foot above the location of Kidney acupuncture channel. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com Infection of the Urinary Tract Hot points above the Kidney Channel. Hot line above the Kidney Channel.

7. This is a sensitive tell-tale symptom and it can last long, even if clinical and laboratory data are in a normal condition. In this case, the presence of this symptom indicates an high risk of exacerbation of the disease. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com Infection of the Urinary Tract Lumbar area of the patient with chronic pyelonephritis at the latent stage. Internal surface of the left foot.Internal surface of the right foot.

8. Thermography is a very important method for the detection and dynamic control in pregnancy, because it is very sensitive, reliable and safe for the patient. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com Infection of Urinary Tract Lumbar area of the patient with pyelonephritis gravidarum at the latent stage. Internal surface of the right foot.

9. In acute cystitis we can see an hyperthermic area on the lower abdomen, just above the urinary bladder. At the chronic stage of the disease this area appears cold. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com Cystitis Non-homogenous hyperthermia of the lower abdomen in acute cystitis. Hot point above the urinary bladder in the case of cystitis. Non-homogenous hypothermia of the lower abdomen in chronic cystitis.

10. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com Nephroptosis Both side nephroptosis. In the case of the nephroptosis, in thermogram appear cold areas above kidneys and lumbar area. Thermography is a very important, fast and cheap method for the diagnostics of this condition.

11. © EDP Srl, 2004 http://www.edpsrl.com Urolithiasis Infrared thermography can be applied for screening diagnostics of urolithiasis. In this disease we can find specific cold areas above the affected kidneys. Left side urolithiasis. Right side urolithiasis.