1. Influential people in the History of Medicine. 1750-1900s

2. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson In 1836, Elizabeth Garrett was born in Whitechapel, east London. Elizabeth came from a wealthy family of 12 children. During her childhood her father, who was a pawnbroker, became a successful business man which allowed him to send his children to good schools. After her education she was expected to marry and become and live the life of a lady. However, Elizabeth was inspired by Elizabeth Davis a feminist and Elizabeth Blackwell, who was the first woman in the United States to qualify as a doctor. Since then, Elizabeth was convinced she should become a doctor. Although at that time women had a very small part in medicine if at all, as they were believed to be to weak and emotional. Despite that Elizabeth was determined to get into medical school, although she was continuously turned away. So, she worked as a nurse whilst attending lectures for doctors, she was then forced to stop because of complaints from other students. Elizabeth then applied to the Society of Apothecaries as they did not specify that women were not accepted. They would not accept her so her father brought them to court. With no other possible option, they then admitted Elizabeth into the school but straight after changing the rules so that no one could do the same. Therefore not admitting any other women in the Society. In 1864, Elizabeth gained a certificate that enabled her to become a doctor. Elizabeth Garrett 1836-1917- time period: 1750 to 1900

3. In 1866, with the help of her father Elizabeth established a dispensary for women in London. In 1870, she was made a visiting physician in the East London Hospital. In the mean time, she met James Anderson, who was a successful businessman, who she then later married in 1871 and with whom she had three children with. Despite her family she was still determined to get a medical degree so Elizabeth taught herself French and went to the university of Paris to gain her medical degree. Which the British medical register did not recognise as valuable qualifications. In 1872, Elizabeth founded the New hospital for Women, which was later renamed after her. The hospital’s entire staff was composed of women. Elizabeth Garrett was an inspiration to other women and made way for women in the medical path. As in 1876 an act was established which allowed women to enter the medical professions. In 1883, Elizabeth Anderson was appointed dean of the London School of Medicine for Women, which she previously helped build in 1874. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

4. ‘Basics to know’ – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson She improved to women’s access to the medical professions. By: Taking the Society of Apothecaries to court with the help of her father. Therefore getting herself registered as a doctor in 1865. Set up a medical practice in London. Gained a full medical degree in Paris, after teaching herself French. Helped establish the London medical school for Women in 1874 And because of the influence she had in the medical path, in 1876 the British government passed an act enable women to enter medical professions.

5. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born on the 12 th of May 1820, and was named after the Italian city she was born in. Florence came from a wealthy family, who were on a tour of Europe when Florence was born. In 1837, Florence felt that God was calling her to do some work but she wasn’t quite sure what kind of work. She then developed an interest in nursing, although her parents believed it was an inappropriate for a woman of her social class and background. So they would not allow her to train. She was expect to marry and lead a conventional life. Florence’s parents eventually gave up and in 1851 she went to Kaiserwerth in Germany, for three months to train as a nurse. This training enabled her to manage and organise a hospital for gentlewomen in Harley Street, in 1853. Soon after, during the following years the Crimean War began. There were some press articles released describing the lack of proper medical facilities for British soldiers that had been wounded in the front line. Sydney Herbert, the war minister, knew Nightingale and he asked her if she could oversee a team of nurse, in this military hospital in Turkey. In November, 1854, she arrived in Scutari, Turkey where with her team of nurses she greatly improved to recovery chances of soldiers because of persistence about cleanliness. Florence came back to England in 1856, to then, a few years later, in 1870 help establish the Nightingale Training School for Nurses in St Tomas Hospital in London. After the nurses were trained they were sent to hospitals all over Britain. Where they would introduce to ideas they had learned and built nursing care in the Nightingale model. Nightingales theories and ‘Notes on Nursing’ were published in 1860, and had a massive influence on sanitation, military health care and the hospital planning. Florence Nightingale past away on the 13 th August 1910. 1820- 1910 time period ( 1750- 1900s)

6. ‘Basics to know’- Florence Nightingale Demonstrated a link between cleanliness and the recovery in patients. By: Leading a team of nurses in a military hospital in Scutari during the Crimean War (1854-56) Improved the nursing care and hygiene in the hospital and because of this the death rate, in the Scutari hospital, fell from 42% to 2%. This success was ‘widely’ reported back to England through the press. Improved the quality of nursing and hospital care. By: Florence helped establish the Nightingale School For Nurses in1860. Florence also helped start training school for midwifes at the King’s College Hospital. As well as writing 200 books about hospital design and it’s organisation, Florence published notes on Nursing, and this included practical guidelines.

7. John Hunter 1728- 1793 John was born as part of a big family in East Kilbride, which is near Glasgow, on the Friday 13 th of Febuary1728. In 1748, John joined his brother in London. John worked for William, who was a successful obstetrician physician. William ensured John to get training despite his lack of formal education. Hunter demonstrated natural ability for anatomical work and also for securing corpses for dissection. After 12 years of working for his brother, in 1754 Hunter entered the St George’s Hospital as a surgical student. In 1760, hunter enlisted the army as a surgeon and from that gained 2 years of experience about managing wounds. John returned to England in 1763, where the lack of apprenticeship were an obstacle and it was difficult to open a practice. So Hunter worked in dentistry. In 1768, John was finally accepted in a Company of Surgeons. Which then led him to establish his own practice where he trained many students, one of them being Edward Jenner. Hunter became King George the third’s surgeon in 1776, he had the that access to the corpse of the King’s elephant when it past away. Hunter was the first to perform a dissection on an elephant. In 1783, John Hunter set up his own museum that is still here today it houses approximately 5000 wet preparations, 3000 stuffed or dried animals, 1200 fossils etc. His collection was bought by the nation and is now in the Royal College of Surgeons in London.

8. Significance of John Hunter’s work in Medicine John Hunter played a significant part in the understand of the anatomy of the human body and explaining it’s functions. By using specimens to show the human body structure and physiology, John was able to analyse and explain how different parts of the body work. And this was important because it started answering question about where disease come from and why they were caused. Through his lectures, Hunter helped medical training evolve in a more professional way. Through his emphasis of the importance of observation and experiment. This was also an important change because it allowed growth in the understanding and knowledge of medicine. The several books that John wrote allowed future generation have more resources and the expansion of the information, about the function of the body, society had at that time.