1. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking1 Collision/Broadcast Domain The term collision domain defines the set of devices for which their frames could collide A broadcast domain is a set of NICs for which a broadcast frame sent by one NIC will be received by all other NICs in the broadcast domain. Hub? Bridge? Switches? Routers?

2. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking2 Identify collision and broadcast domains for each case

3. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking3 10-Mbps Ethernet No hub, switch, or wiring panel. The series of cables creates an electrical bus the carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) 10Base2: 10Mbps, baseband technology, almost 200 meters 10Base5: 10Mbps, baseband technology, almost 5 00 meters

4. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking4 Ethernet Networking with a Hub Half-Duplex 10BaseT 1.The network interface card (NIC) sends a frame. 2.The NIC loops the sent frame onto its receive pair. 3.The hub receives the frame. 4.The hub sends the frame across an internal bus so that all other NICs can receive the electrical signal. 5.The hub repeats the signal to each receive pair to all other devices.

5. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking5 Ethernet Networking with a Switch Full Duplex Ethernet Full-duplex means that an Ethernet card can send and receive concurrently. Use a switch or direct connection from host to using a crossover cable. The switch interprets the electrical signal as an Ethernet frame and processes the frame to make a decision. Hub – Layer 1 Switch – Layer 2

6. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking6 Basic Ethernet Features 10Base2, 10Base5Single bus cabled serially between devices using coaxial cable. 10BaseT with a HubOne electrical bus shared among all devices creating a single collision domain, cabled in a star topology using twisted-pair cabling 10BaseT with a SwitchOne electrical bus per switch port creating multiple collision domains, cabled in a star topology using twisted-pair cabling Half DuplexLogic that requires a card to only send or receive at a single point in time. Used to avoid collisions Full DuplexLogic that enables concurrent sending and receiving, allowed when one device is attached to a switch port, ensuring that no collisions can occur.

7. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking7 Ethernet Addressing Ethernet uses MAC address burned into each NIC. 48 bits (6 bytes) First 3 bytes assigned by IEEE Unicast MAC Address Broadcast MAC Address (FFFF.FFFF.FFFF) Multicast Address

8. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking8 Ethernet Frames Framing defines how a string of binary numbers is interpreted Preamble SD: Start frame eliminator Destination MAC address –Unicast –Broadcast –Multicast Source address Length of file DSAP SSAP, SNAP (Subnet Network Access Protocol) Control/Data Frame Check Sequence (FCS)

9. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking9 Ethernet Cabling Straight-Through Cable Host to Switch or hub Router to Switch or hub Crossover Cable Switch to Switch Hub to Hub Host to Host Rolled Cable Serial Port

10. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking10 Data Encapsulation Step 1: Data Conversion Step 2: Data segmentation Hello! &@$ Application Presentation Session hello101010011100100100100PDU1 101010011100100100100PDU1PDU2 101010011100100100100PDU1PDU2PDU3 Transport Name: Data Stream 0101010 0100100PDU1PDU2PDU3 PDU1PDU2PDU3TCP : : Name: Segment

11. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking11 Step 3: Packet creation for routing Step 4: Frame Header Step 5: Transmission 10010100001 Network Name: Packet or Datagram 0101010 0100100PDU1PDU2PDU3 PDU1PDU2PDU3TCP : : Name: Frame IP Data Link 0101010PDU1PDU2PDU3TCPIPLLCMAC LLC 802.2 MAC 802.3 FCS Physical Layer

12. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking12 LAN Design Models Mesh design Hierarchical design –Three-layer network model –Two-layer network model –One-layer network model

13. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking13 Three Layer Model Core-layer Distribution Layer –a backbone network connecting all LANs –no end user at this level –implementation of security and network policies Access Layer

14. IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking14 Two and One-Layer Model