1. Mastering CAD/CAM
Ibrahim Zeid

2. CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
GOAL
Understand and master the nature of CAD/CAM systems, their basic
structure, their use in engineering tasks, and their use to create geometric
models of simple parts.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Product life cycle
Scope of CAD/CAM
CAD/CAM Applications
Acquiring CAD/CAM Systems
Installing CAD/CAM Systems
Becoming familiar with CAD/CAM systems
GUIs and Help menus
Demo parts

3. CHAPTER 2 – 3D MODELING AND VIEWING
GOAL
Understand and master the basic concepts of 3D modeling and viewing,
the difference between them, the control of modeling via sketch planes,
and the effective use of CAD/CAM systems in geometric modeling.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Types of geometric models
Coordinate systems
Sketching and sketch planes
Modeling entities and features
Modeling operations
Modeling strategies
Model viewing
System modes

4. CHAPTER 3 – MODELING AIDS AND TOOLS
GOAL
Understand and master modeling aids and manipulations, know the
available tools offered by CAD/CAM systems, and learn how and when
to use the tools to speed up geometric construction.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Geometric modifiers
Layers
Colors
Grids
Groups
Entity selection
Entity manipulation
Entity editing

5. CHAPTER 4 – ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
GOAL
Understand and master the creation of engineering drawings, their use in
design documentation, their use in manufacturing activities, the
information that a drawing stores, and how to avoid over- or under-
dimensioning.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Engineering drawings (blueprints)
CAD drawings
CAD views
Title block
Dimensioning
Tolerances
Notes and labels
Manufacturing information

6. CHAPTER 5 – CAD/CAM PROGRAMMING
GOAL
Understand and master the concepts of object-oriented programming
and their use in parametric design, become familiar with customizing
CAD/CAM systems, and know the various methods of CAD/CAM
programming.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Object definition
Object creation and use
Inheritance
Macros
CAD/CAM API functions
C++ and OpenGL
Java 3D

7. CHAPTER 6 - CURVES
GOAL
Understand and master the theory and practice of curves, their types,
parametric formulation, vector analysis, their implementation by
CAD/CAM systems, and their use in geometric modeling.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Geometric modeling
Modeling entities
Curve implicit equations
Curve parametric equations
Curve properties
Analytic curves
Synthetic curves
Curve manipulations

8. CHAPTER 7 - SURFACES GOAL
Understand and master the theory and practice of surfaces, their types,
parametric formulation, their implementation by CAD/CAD systems, and
their use in geometric modeling.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Surfaces and solid modeling
Surface entities
Extending curves to surfaces
Surface parametric equations
Surface properties
Analytic surfaces
Parametric surfaces
Surface manipulations

9. CHAPTER 8 - NURBS
GOAL
Understand and master the theory and practice of NURBS curves and
surfaces, their formulation, their implementation by CAD/CAM systems,
and the advantages of their use in geometric modeling.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
NURBS modeling
NURBS basics (knot vectors and weights)
NURBS curves
NURBS lines
NURBS arcs and circles
NURBS surfaces
NURBS bilinear surface
NURBS ruled surface

10. CHAPTER 9 - INTRODUCTION
GOAL
Understand and master the concepts of solid modeling, the use of
primitives in geometric modeling, the basics of Boolean operations, and
the representation schemes of solids.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Geometry and topology
Primitives
Primitives’ manipulation
Regularized sets
Set membership classification
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)
Boundary representation (B-rep)
Sweeps

11. CHAPTER 10 - INTRODUCTION
GOAL
Understand and master the concept of features and their use in geometric
modeling; the basics of parametrics, relations, and constraints; and the use
of parametrics and relations in “what-if” design questions.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Features and primitives
Feature entities
3D sketching
Feature representation
Creating features
Parametrics
Relations and constraints
Feature manipulations

12. CHAPTER 11 – GRAPHICS DISPLAY
GOAL
Understand and master the concept of raster displays, the types of display
monitors (including the digital flat panel displays), and the parameters of
these displays.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Impact of displays on CAD models
CRTs
Flat screen CRTs
Flat panel displays
LCDs
Digital flat panel displays
Comparing displays
Specifications

13. CHAPTER 12 - TRANSFORMATIONS
GOAL
Understand and master the concepts of geometric transformations, their
types, their use in geometric modeling, how they speed up the creation of
CAD models, and how CAD systems use them to create views and
engineering drawings.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Need for geometric transformations
Translation, rotation, mirroring, scaling, and reflection
Homogeneous transformations
Concatenated transformations
Inverse transformations
Projections of geometric models
Orthographic projections
Perspective projections

14. CHAPTER 13 - VISUALIZATION
GOAL
Understand and master the concepts of rendering and visualization and
their importance to geometric modeling, and understand the related
algorithms.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Need for rendering
Model cleanup
Hidden line removal
Hidden surface removal
Hidden solid removal
Visualization algorithms
Shading
Colors

15. CHAPTER 14 – COMPUTER ANIMATION
GOAL
Understand and master the concepts of motion and animation and their
importance to geometric modeling, and understand the related algorithms.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Need for motion and animation
Computer animation
Frame-buffer animation
Real-time playback
Keyframe technique
Simulation approach
Animation-related problems
Animation of articulated bodies

16. CHAPTER 15 – MASS PROPERTIES
GOAL
Understand and master geometric and mass properties, how to calculate
them, the concept of numerical integration, and how to use CAD systems
to calculate mass properties.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Importance of mass properties in CAD design
Calculate curve and contour lengths
Calculate areas
Calculate volumes
Calculate centroids
Calculate inertia properties
Use Gauss quadrature
Use mass properties in part design

17. CHAPTER 16 – ASSEMBLY MODELING
GOAL
Understand and master assemblies, the different approaches to creating
then, assembly analysis, and how to use CAD systems to create assembly
models.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Differences between part and assembly modeling
Mating conditions
Bottom-up assembly modeling approach
Top-down assembly modeling approach
WCS and mate methods to assemble parts
Managing assemblies
Working with subassemblies
Assembly analysis

18. CHAPTER 17 – FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
GOAL
Understand finite element modeling and analysis. How to calculate
stresses an strains, and how to use CAD systems to help perform
FEM/FEA.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Why the finite element method
Procedure of the finite element method
FEA
FEM
Preprocessors: mesh generation
Postprocessors: results display
Understanding the results
How CAD systems facilitate both FEM and FEA

19. CHAPTER 18 – PRODUCT DATA EXCHANGE
GOAL
Understand data exchange standards including IGES and STEP, how
translators work, why we need preprocessors and postprocessors, and
how to test translators to ensure the correct data conversion.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Necessary evil of CAD/CAM data translation
Data exchange format
IGES standard
STEP standard
ACIS format
DXF de facto standard
File structure and format
Testing and verification

20. CHAPTER 19 – COLLABORATIVE DESIGN
GOAL
Understand the difference between traditional and collaborative design,
become familiar with collaborative design concepts, understand its
requirements, and know what tools are needed to perform collaborative
design.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Synchronous and asynchronous communication
Distributed computing model
Instant messaging
Virtual reality
Collaborative design principles
Collaboration approaches
Collaboration tools
Collaborative design software

21. CHAPTER 20 – ENGINEERING TOLERANCES
GOAL
Understand the importance and role of tolerances in manufacturing, the
different types of tolerances, part inspection and its relation to tolerances,
and how CAD systems implement and use tolerances.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Tolerance concepts: limits and fits, accumulation, cost, and quality
Conventional tolerances
Geometric tolerances
Datums
ANSI GD&T Y14.5M standards
Inspection gages
Tolerance stackup analysis
Tolerance synthesis

22. CHAPTER 21 – PROCESS PLANNING
GOAL
Understand the interface between design and manufacturing and between
CAD and CAM, the importance of process planning, the basics of CAPP,
and the benefits of CAPP.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Manual process planning
Essentials of CAPP
Input and output of CAPP systems
CAPP models
Architecture of CAPP systems
CAPP approaches: variant, generative, and hybrid
CAPP benefits
CAPP software

23. CHAPTER 22 – PART PROGRAMMING
GOAL
Understand the basics of machine tools and their programming. Part
programming an its basics, the fundamentals of coding languages and
structure, and the use of CAD/CAM systems for generating and verifying
toolpaths.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
Importance of part programming
Working at the interface between CAF and CAM
CAM requirements of CAD data
Fundamentals of machine tools: axes radius programming, and tool offsets
APT programming: geometric and motion statements
Toolpath generation
Toolpath verification

24. CHAPTER 23 – PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT
GOAL
Understand PLM, why it is crucial for companies to implement, what a
PLM system offers, what PDM is and its relationship to PLM, and analyze
some PLM and PDM case studies.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:
The current engineering and design practice
Types of product information
PLM goal
PLM benefits
PLM systems
PLM enabling technologies
PDM
Case studies of implementing PLM and PDM