1. 08. May 2008 Dr.-Ing. Mario Oertel Postdoctoral Researcher Hydraulic Engineering Section Civil Engineering Department Bergische University of Wuppertal GERMANY Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban Regions… …after malfunction of flood protection measures 4 th International Symposium on Flood Defense Managing Flood Risk, Reliability and Vulnerability Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 6-8, 2008

2. Folie 2 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Contents Introduction and motivation, Physical model and flood wave propagation, Hazards in underground facilities, Flood-types and modeling result, RoFUF, Summary and Conclusion.

3. Folie 3 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion Introduction and Motivation Flood protection measures: Flood area management, Technical flood protection, Flood prevention. Flood risk management: Flood protection measures, Coping measures (operational flood protection, flood defense, rebuilding, financial help, …). Main prevention component: Transparent discussion about existence risks and hazards! Source: DKKV (2003)

4. Folie 4 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Introduction and Motivation Flooding processes of underground facilities (underground parking areas, underground stations, underground malls) after malfunction of flood protection measures are not explored respectively human hazards, current events show the basic necessity of detailed analyses to determine various hazard classes, only some investigations in Japan deal with underground facilities in matters of possible infrastructural damage. Source: Fukuoka Pref., Y ASUDA & H IRIASHI (2003) Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

5. Folie 5 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Physical Model and Flood Wave Propagation Scale 1:20 (1:13), geometrical BC: flume 0.66 m, Propagation area 4.0 x 5.6 m, breach 0.5 m, entries to underground facilities 0.1 and 0.2 m, underground volume 0.072 m 3, hydraulic BC: discharge 28 and 50 l/s, initial water depth in flume 12.5 and 19.0 cm. Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

6. Folie 6 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Physical Model and Flood Wave Propagation h 0 = 12,5 cm h 0 = 19,0 cm wave deflection 3 to 6 ° h 0 = 12.5 cm h 0 = 19.0 cm Arrival time of flood wave in [s] Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

7. Folie 7 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Hazards in Underground Facilities Fall-limit in entry area: so called fall-number SN gives information about existence hazard, possible resilience of adult human between SN = 0.65 and 1.25 m 2 /s (A BT et al., 1989; RESCDAM, 2000), high injury potential. (A BT et al., 1989; RESCDAM, 2000) Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion Fall-limit

8. Folie 8 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Hazards in Underground Facilities Increasing water level inside underground building: h krit = 1.5 m, t krit depending on inflow Q fill and ground space of underground facility A ub, drowning possible. Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

9. Folie 9 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Flood-Types and Modeling Results 3 flood-types can be detected: 1.Direct, active flooding (dynamic flood), 2.Sidewise, active flooding (dynamic flood), 3.Indirect, passive flooding (static flood). Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

10. Folie 10 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Flood-Types and Modeling Results Flood-type 1: Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

11. Folie 11 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Flood-Types and Modeling Results Flood-type 2: Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion where:

12. Folie 12 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Flood-Types and Modeling Results Flood-type 3: Local Water Depth h l [m]0.10.30.50.70.91.11.3 Critical Water Depth h gr [m]0.070.200.330.470.600.73.0.87 Critical Flow Velocity v gr [m/s]0.811.401.812.142.432.682.92 Minimum Energy Height H min [m]0.100.300.500.700.901.101.30 Fall Number SN [m 2 /s]0.050.280.601.001.461.972.53 Inflow Q fill [m 3 /s] (b Oe = 2 m)0.110.561.212.002.913.935.05 Inflow Q fill [m 3 /s] (b Oe = 4 m)0.221.122.413.995.827.8710.11 t krit [min] (b Oe = 2 m, A p = 144 m 2 )33.46.43.01.81.20.90.7 t krit [min] (b Oe = 4 m, A p = 144 m 2 )16.73.21.50.90.60.50.4 Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

13. Folie 13 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 RoFUF RoFUF = Risk of Flooding Underground Facilities, implements modeling results in Decision-Support-System, free download: http://www.rofuf.de  NO GREEN markers! symbol to include in flood risk maps Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion

14. Folie 14 Flooding of Underground Facilities in Urban RegionsDr. Mario Oertel08. May 2008 Summary and Conclusion People in flood areas next to rivers are – highly – at risk in matters of flooding underground facilities after malfunction of flood protection measures, with physical and numerical models as well as theoretical investigations the existence hazards could be identified and quantified in detail, main hazards occur in entry areas and inside underground facilities depending on three various flood-types, all results of the research project are implemented in RoFUF – a Decision- Support-System – which allows the identification of hazard classes in underground facilities after Switzerland standards. Thank you for your kind attention. Dr.-Ing. Mario Oertel Hydraulic Engineering Section Bergische University of Wuppertal Fon: +49 (0) 202 439 4133 E-Mail: maoertel@uni-wuppertal.de Introduction and motivation Physical model and flood wave propagation Hazards in underground facilities Flood-types and modeling results RoFUF Summary and Conclusion