1. School Desegregation Chapter 12 Group 2: Roni, Angelique, Gary, Josh & Jessica

2. De Jure Segregation ❖ Fourteenth Amendment ❖ 1868 - provided for “equal protection under the laws” ❖ 1896 - Plessy v. Ferguson - Supreme court upheld “equal but separate” ❖ 1954 - Brown v. Board of Education - Supreme court struck down “separate but equal”.

3. Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I) ❖ Landmark turning point for desegregation ❖ Stated that “Segregation...in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children” ❖ Provided NO remedy for segregation leading to Brown II

4. Brown II ❖ Supreme court rulings to ensure proper implementation of the ruling in Brown I ❖ District courts were mandated to supervise the transition ❖ School districts were to implement this ruling in “good faith and with all deliberate speed”.

5. School issues along the way... ❖ Racial Balances or Racial Quotas ❖ some districts implemented a racial balance/quota requirement of 71%-29% on specific schools ❖ One-Race Schools ❖ certain schools were allowed to remain all or largely of one race due to concentration of minorities in parts of a city, but were under close scrutiny

6. School issues along the way... ❖ Remedial Altering of Attendance Zones ❖ some school districts drastically altered districts and attendance zones to accomplish desegregation ❖ Transportation of Students ❖ situations varied greatly and there were no provisions for dealing with transportation

7. Free Transfer and freedom of Choice Program ❖ Many school districts adopted freedom of choice plans to avoid desegregation orders ❖ Schools would rezone their districts AND provide that a student could request to be transfered back to their old school ❖ Courts ruled that this perpetuated racial segregation

8. De Jure & De Facto ❖ De Jure Segregation ❖ racial segregation derived from the enforcement of law ❖ De Facto Segregation ❖ present when the number of students enrolled in a school represent a racial or ethnic minority ❖ this developed when no action was taken by the school district to require desegregation

9. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ❖ specifically Title VI ❖ prohibits discrimination on basis of race or color in programs that receive federal funds ❖ to ensure the elimination of segregated schools

10. Segregation it is illegal and will not be supported by the courts