1. By: Jasmina (Nina) Jovanovic

2. Chemistry behind batteries: Battery – a group of two or more galvanic cells connected in series 1. Disposable batteries - primary cell ( cannot be recharged) 2. Rechargeable batteries- secondary cell ( can be recharged) A galvanic cell - spontaneously produce electric current Half cell= electrode + electrolyte

3. Chemistry behind batteries: A battery with two electrodes  voltaic cell. Electrical current runs in between the battery’s two electrodes Electrolyte - in liquid or solid state Electrolyte- contains ions

4. What are rechargeable batteries?  Known as storage batteries due to their ability to accumulate and store energy  Group of one or more electrochemical cells  Known as secondary cells since its electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible  Standard power source for today’s products  Exist in many shapes and sizes

5. Chemistry behind batteries :  Batteries made up of plates  Device connects = electrons move to the +’ve side Secondary cell:  External source of electrical energy is required  Redox reaction needs to be reversed  Allows it to be reused

6.  Current produces through an electrochemical reaction involving anode, cathode, and electrolyte  Electrons flow from one electrode to another through an electrolyte  Outside source is used to apply the electrical energy to a secondary cell  (-) to (+) electron flow that happens during discharge is reversed, and the cell’s charge is restored.

7. The Different Types of Rechargeable Battery: -Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) - Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) - Lithium-ion (Li-ion) - Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) Better option than disposable batteries Reduce the amount of waste generated

8. Advantages of using Rechargeable batteries:  Help the environment  Convenience  Cost efficient  Better performance

9.  Charging  Hazard  Uses

10. Battery TypeTotal CapacitySelf-Discharge Rate Use Charactersitics Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Up to 1,000, AAA. Up to 2,700 mAh, AA. Available capacities vary widely. Check the mAh rating before you buy. Does not hold charge well over long periods. Loses 4 percent per day 1, much more in warm temperatures. Works well in devices that require sudden high amperage discharge, such as digital cameras. Also works well in most other devices Low Self Discharge Nickel-Metal Hydride (LSD NiMH) Up to 800, AAA. Up to 2,000, AA Almost all LSD batteries sold have close to these capacities. Holds charge well over long periods. Loses 15 percent per year 2, very slightly more in warm temperatures. Works well in devices that require sudden high amperage discharge, such as digital cameras. Also works well in most other devices. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Up to 350 mAh, AAA. Up to 1,000 mAh, AA. Available capacities vary widely. Check the mAh rating before you buy. Loses 1 percent per day 3, slightly more in warm temperatures. Does not work well in devices that require sudden high amperage discharges. Does not work well in digital cameras, but does work well in most other devices.

11.  Alkaline and carbon-zinc batteries, and individual NiMH batteries =disposed with the regular household trash.  Batteries that are before1996 ( large amount of mercury)=hazardous waste  Button batteries containing mercury oxide, silver oxide and zinc-air cells, and sealed lead-acid batteries=hazardous waste.  Avoid disposing too many batteries, together at once  Car batteries that contain lead should be brought only to waste management centres.

12. Impact of the rechargeable batteries in portable electronic devices on society: New electronics No need for changing batteries constantly Provides people with more powerful, reliable, and reusable- costing. Many portable electronic devices use only rechargeable batteries Helped many companies develop in many industries

13. Resources: Jewell, E. (2010, 13). LIVESTRONG.COM. BATTERY DISPOSAL METHODS. Retrieved March 22, 2013, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/148016-battery-disposal-methods/ http://www.livestrong.com/article/148016-battery-disposal-methods/ (2012, 30). CalRecycle. Rechargeable Batteries and Chargers: A Personal Perspective. Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ReduceWaste/power/rechbattinfo.htm http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ReduceWaste/power/rechbattinfo.htm Jarrett, J. (2013, ). Battery Chargers and the Benefits of Rechargeable Batteries. Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://battery-charger- review.toptenreviews.com/battery-chargers-and-the-benefits-of- rechargeable-batteries.htmlhttp://battery-charger- review.toptenreviews.com/battery-chargers-and-the-benefits-of- rechargeable-batteries.html Jarrett, J. (2011, 15). Battery Force. The Different Types of Rechargeable Battery. Retrieved March 25, 2013, from http://blog.battery- force.co.uk/battery-news/the-different-types-of-rechargeable-battery/http://blog.battery- force.co.uk/battery-news/the-different-types-of-rechargeable-battery/ Story, J. (2009). What are rechargeable batteries. Retrieved from http://www.informinc.org/fact_battery.php http://www.informinc.org/fact_battery.php Everyday chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.humantouchofchemistry.com/how-do-rechargeable-batteries- work.htm http://www.humantouchofchemistry.com/how-do-rechargeable-batteries- work.htm DERDERIAN, C. RECHARGEABLE BATTERY CHEMISTRIES. Retrieved March 25, 2013, from http://www.des.pf/itereva/disciplines/sti/prod/apsecondes/FTP/TP%20HnD %20-%20Week%203/files/Docs/Rechargeable_battery_chemistries.pdf http://www.des.pf/itereva/disciplines/sti/prod/apsecondes/FTP/TP%20HnD %20-%20Week%203/files/Docs/Rechargeable_battery_chemistries.pdf