1. World War I: “The war to end all wars”

2. The end of the Enlightenment

3. “Technology is no longer used for the betterment of mankind”

4. World War I:

5. Causes of World War ICauses of World War I - MANIAMANIA ilitarism ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war llianceslliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another ationalismationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s country mperialism mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically ssassinationssassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand MANIA

6. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73% Causes of WWI - M ilitarism 18701880189019001910191494130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s (British pounds).

7. Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Causes of WWI - A lliances Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Great Britain France Russia

8. Causes of WWI - N ationalism Pan-Germanism - movement to unify the people of all German speaking countries AustriaAustria * Belgium Denmark Iceland GermanyGermany * LiechtensteinLiechtenstein * Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden SwitzerlandSwitzerland * United Kingdom * = German speaking country Germanic Countries

9. Imperialism: European conquest of Africa

10. The “Spark” - What started the “war to end all wars”

11. Causes of WWI - A ssassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28 th, 1914.

12. Causes of WWI - A ssassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand

13. Causes of WWI - A ssassination Gavrilo Princip after his assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

14. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

15. Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia.

16. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria - Hungary.

17. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria - Hungary. · example of Pan-German nationalism

18. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria - Hungary. · example of Pan-German nationalism Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

19. The Point of No Return: Germany declares war on Russia.

20. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia.

21. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France.

22. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France and opens up the western front.

23. The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France and opens up the western front. Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

24. World War I Allied Powers: Central Powers: Great Britain France Russia Italy Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

25. Technology

26. Technology U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships)

27. Technology Machine Guns Machine Guns

28. Technology U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) Machine Guns Machine Guns Tanks- British perfected these! Tanks- British perfected these!

29. Technology U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) Machine Guns Machine Guns Tanks- British perfected these! Tanks- British perfected these! Airplanes Airplanes

30. Technology U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) U-Boats or submarines were perfected by the Germans (and used to fire upon all types of ships) Machine Guns Machine Guns Tanks- British perfected these! Tanks- British perfected these! Airplanes Airplanes Tear Gas- Chemical Warfare (Germans used heavily) Tear Gas- Chemical Warfare (Germans used heavily)

31. Major Battles:

32. Verdun: German Offensive. Verdun: German Offensive.

33. Major Battles: Verdun: German Offensive. Verdun: German Offensive. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916.

34. Major Battles: Verdun: German Offensive. Verdun: German Offensive. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. 700,000 killed 700,000 killed

35. Major Battles: Verdun: German Offensive. Verdun: German Offensive. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. 700,000 killed 700,000 killed Ypres: A single battle. G.B. attacks German position. Ypres: A single battle. G.B. attacks German position.

36. Major Battles: Verdun: German Offensive. Verdun: German Offensive. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. 700,000 killed 700,000 killed Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks German position. Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks German position. July 31 st to December 18 th 1917. July 31 st to December 18 th 1917.

37. Major Battles: Verdun: German Offensive. Verdun: German Offensive. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. 700,000 killed 700,000 killed Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks German position. Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks German position. July 31 st to December 18 th 1917. July 31 st to December 18 th 1917. 245,000 British dead, 260,000 Germans dead, 8,000 French dead 245,000 British dead, 260,000 Germans dead, 8,000 French dead

38. Major Battles: Verdun: German Offensive. Verdun: German Offensive. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. February 21 st to December 18 th 1916. 700,000 killed 700,000 killed Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks German position. Ypres: A single battle - G.B. attacks German position. July 31 st to December 18 th 1917. July 31 st to December 18 th 1917. 245,000 British dead, 260,000 Germans dead, 8,000 French dead 245,000 British dead, 260,000 Germans dead, 8,000 French dead 60,000 British soldiers drowned in the mud. 60,000 British soldiers drowned in the mud.

40. U.S.: Nation of Isolation

41. Many remembered the Civil War and did not want to enter Many remembered the Civil War and did not want to enter

42. U.S.: Nation of Isolation Many remembered the Civil War and did not want to enter Many remembered the Civil War and did not want to enter President Wilson did not want to wage war on Germany. President Wilson did not want to wage war on Germany.

43. Why should the US Fight? German attacks on civilian cruise ships (Lusitania and Sussex) prompted US citizens for retaliation. German attacks on civilian cruise ships (Lusitania and Sussex) prompted US citizens for retaliation. Zimmerman telegram: Zimmerman telegram:

44. U.S. Enters the War April 6, 1917 The Senate and the House vote to declare war on Germany. April 6, 1917 The Senate and the House vote to declare war on Germany. First troops arrived in September and first battle involving US troops was in October First troops arrived in September and first battle involving US troops was in October More than 4.7 Million service members served More than 4.7 Million service members served 50,000 American lives lost. 50,000 American lives lost. 200,000 wounded. 200,000 wounded.

45. Conditions

46. Conditions Winter of 1917 very cold Winter of 1917 very cold

47. Conditions Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots)

48. Conditions Winter of 1917 very cold Winter of 1917 very cold Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodies Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodies

49. Conditions Winter of 1917 very cold Winter of 1917 very cold Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodies Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodies Food was scarce and horrible Food was scarce and horrible

50. Conditions Winter of 1917 very cold Winter of 1917 very cold Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodies Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodies Food was scarce and horrible Food was scarce and horrible Lice and fleas in barracks Lice and fleas in barracks

51. Conditions Winter of 1917 very cold Winter of 1917 very cold Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Most soldiers not equipped for cold (no blankets, rags on feet, feet freezing to boots) Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodies Trenches were usually flooded, infested with rats, dead bodies Food was scarce and horrible Food was scarce and horrible Lice and fleas in barracks Lice and fleas in barracks Epidemics of the flu and measles. Epidemics of the flu and measles.

52. Russia’s Exit

53. As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit. As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit.

54. Russia’s Exit As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit. As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit. Russians have lost great number of soldiers, food is scarce, they are tired of fighting. Russians have lost great number of soldiers, food is scarce, they are tired of fighting.

55. Russia’s Exit As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit. As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit. Russians have lost great number of soldiers, food is scarce, they are tired of fighting. Russians have lost great number of soldiers, food is scarce, they are tired of fighting. Bolshevik Revolution (communists) take over Russia in a Coup (overthrow of government) Bolshevik Revolution (communists) take over Russia in a Coup (overthrow of government)

56. Russia’s Exit As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit. As Americans enter the war, the Russians exit. Russians have lost great number of soldiers, food is scarce, they are tired of fighting. Russians have lost great number of soldiers, food is scarce, they are tired of fighting. Bolshevik Revolution (communists) take over Russia in a Coup (overthrow of government) Bolshevik Revolution (communists) take over Russia in a Coup (overthrow of government) Nicholas II is killed. Nicholas II is killed.

57. The End is Near Russia has pulled out. Russia has pulled out.

58. The End is Near Russia has pulled out. Russia has pulled out. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies.

59. The End is Near Russia has pulled out. Russia has pulled out. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. France is almost defeated. France is almost defeated.

60. The End is Near Russia has pulled out. Russia has pulled out. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. France is almost defeated. France is almost defeated. US enters with more soldiers and weapons and drives Germany back. US enters with more soldiers and weapons and drives Germany back.

61. The End is Near Russia has pulled out. Russia has pulled out. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. France is almost defeated. France is almost defeated. US enters with more soldiers and weapons and drives Germany back. US enters with more soldiers and weapons and drives Germany back. US helps by destroying German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean. US helps by destroying German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean.

62. The End is Near Russia has pulled out. Russia has pulled out. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. Germany’s resources are few, but still more than the Allies. France is almost defeated. France is almost defeated. US enters with more soldiers and weapons and drives Germany back. US enters with more soldiers and weapons and drives Germany back. US helps by destroying German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean. US helps by destroying German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean. Austria-Hungary withdraws from the war and Germany asks for peace. Austria-Hungary withdraws from the war and Germany asks for peace.

63. Treaty of Versailles

64. Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies) Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies)

65. Treaty of Versailles Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies) Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies) Germany lost Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (they become independent) Germany lost Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (they become independent)

66. Treaty of Versailles Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies) Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies) Germany lost Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (they become independent) Germany lost Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (they become independent) Poland regains most of its land Poland regains most of its land

67. Treaty of Versailles Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies) Germany loses 13% of territory in Europe and all territory in Africa (colonies) Germany lost Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (they become independent) Germany lost Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (they become independent) Poland regains most of its land Poland regains most of its land Austria-Hungary divided into independent nations. Austria-Hungary divided into independent nations.

68. Treaty of Versailles Britain and France take over Ottoman Empire (Turkey) who sided with Germany. Britain and France take over Ottoman Empire (Turkey) who sided with Germany.

69. Treaty of Versailles Britain and France take over Ottoman Empire (Turkey) who sided with Germany. Britain and France take over Ottoman Empire (Turkey) who sided with Germany. Germany has to give up most of its military equipment including submarine fleet and railroads. Germany has to give up most of its military equipment including submarine fleet and railroads.

70. Treaty of Versailles Britain and France take over Ottoman Empire (Turkey) who sided with Germany. Britain and France take over Ottoman Empire (Turkey) who sided with Germany. Germany has to give up most of its military equipment including submarine fleet and railroads. Germany has to give up most of its military equipment including submarine fleet and railroads. Germany must pay reparations of $100 million.- Woodrow Wilson demands this! Germany must pay reparations of $100 million.- Woodrow Wilson demands this!

71. Effects of Treaty

72. Germany comes close to economic collapse.- Had to pay war damages Germany comes close to economic collapse.- Had to pay war damages

73. Effects of Treaty Germany comes close to economic collapse.- Had to pay war damages Germany comes close to economic collapse.- Had to pay war damages League of Nations: group of Nations combined to ensure there would be no more war. League of Nations: group of Nations combined to ensure there would be no more war.

74. Effects of Treaty Germany comes close to economic collapse.- Had to pay war damages Germany comes close to economic collapse.- Had to pay war damages League of Nations: group of Nations combined to ensure there would be no more war. League of Nations: group of Nations combined to ensure there would be no more war. Rise of communism in Eastern Europe (ban of communist literature in US) Rise of communism in Eastern Europe (ban of communist literature in US)

75. World War I: By the Numbers: Country Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Total Troops Russia France U.K. & G.B. U.S.A. Germany

76. World War I: By the Numbers Country Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Total Troops Russia1,800,0004,950,0002,000,00012,000,000 France U.K. & G.B. U.S.A. Germany

77. World War I: By the Numbers Country Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Total Troops Russia1,800,0004,950,0002,000,00012,000,000 France1,390,0004,330,00040,0008,660,000 U.K. & G.B. U.S.A. Germany

78. World War I: By the Numbers Country Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Total Troops Russia1,800,0004,950,0002,000,00012,000,000 France1,390,0004,330,00040,0008,660,000 U.K. & G.B. 900,0002,090,0001,0008,780,000 U.S.A. Germany

79. World War I: By the Numbers Country Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Total Troops Russia1,800,0004,950,0002,000,00012,000,000 France1,390,0004,330,00040,0008,660,000 U.K. & G.B. 900,0002,090,0001,0008,780,000 U.S.A.50,000230,000N/A4,350,000 Germany

80. World War I: By the Numbers Country Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Total Troops Russia1,800,0004,950,0002,000,00012,000,000 France1,390,0004,330,00040,0008,660,000 U.K. & G.B. 900,0002,090,0001,0008,780,000 U.S.A.50,000230,000N/A4,350,000 Germany2,040,0005,690,000700,00013,400,000

81. World War I: By the Numbers Country Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Total Troops Russia1,800,0004,950,0002,000,00012,000,000 France1,390,0004,330,00040,0008,660,000 U.K. & G.B. 900,0002,090,0001,0008,780,000 U.S.A.50,000230,000N/A4,350,000 Germany2,040,0005,690,000700,00013,400,000 Total6,180,00017,290,0002,741,00047,190,000