1. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

2. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION INCLUDE THE
SKIN
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS

3. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MEANS THAT THEY DON’T DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROBES
THE SKIN IS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
THE RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS ARE OPEN TO THE ENVIRONMENT; LINED WITH MUCUS TO PREVENT BACTERIAS (MICROBES) FROM ENTERING

4. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MEANS THAT THEY DON’T DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROBES
IF MICROBES DO ENTER THE BODY CELLS OR TISSUES THEN
NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES ATTACK FOREIGN BODY
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

5. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MEANS THAT THEY DON’T DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROBES
IF MICROBES DO ENTER THE BODY CELLS OR TISSUES THEN
NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES ATTACK FOREIGN BODY
MACROPHAGES
LARGE MONOCYTES THAT WANDER ACTIVELY THROUGH INTERSTITIAL FLUID

6. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MEANS THAT THEY DON’T DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICROBES
IF MICROBES DO ENTER THE BODY CELLS OR TISSUES THEN
NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES ATTACK FOREIGN BODY
NATURAL KILLER CELLS  ATTACK CANCER CELLS AND INFECTED BODY CELLS
INTERFERONS  PROTEINS PRODUCED BY VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS THAT HELP OTHER CELLS RESIST VIRUSES (VIRUS INFECTION ACTIVATES INTERFERON GENE)
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS  COAT SURFACES OF MICROBES TO EASE PHAGOCYTOSIS, CUT HOLES IN MICROBE MEMBRANE, OR AMPLIFY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

7. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MOBILIZES NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE FORCES

8. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INFLAMMTORY RESPONSE
MAJOR COMPONENT OF OUR NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM
DAMANGED CELLS RELEASE CHEMICAL ALARM SIGNALS LIKE HISTAMINE
DILATES THE BLOOD VESSELS MAKING THEM LEAKIER
CHEMICALS SPARK THE MOBILIZATION OF VARIOUS DEFENSES
THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS GATHERED IN THE AREA ENGULF THE BACTERIA AND THE REMAINS OF ANY DAMAGED OR DEAD CELLS

9. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
HELPS PREVENT SPREAD OF INFECTION BY RELEASING CLOTTING FACTORS
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MAY BE LOCALIZED OR WIDESPREAD (EX. FEVER)
WIDESPREAD INFLAMMATION CAN BE DANGEROUS
SEPTIC SHOCK  BACTERIAL INFECTION THAT BRINGS ABOUT OVERWHELMING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

10. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM BECOMES A CRUCIAL BATTLEGROUND DURING INFECTION

11. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
CONSISTS OF A BRANCHING NETWORK OF VESSELS, NUMEROUS LYMPH NODS (SAC-LIKE ORGANS PACKED WITH THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS CALLED LYMPHOCYTES), THE TONSILS AND ADENOIDS, THE APPENDIX AND THE SPLEEN

12. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
ALSO INCLUDES THE BONE MARROW AND THYMUS (SITES WHERE WHITE BLOOD CELLS DEVELOP)
2 MAIN FUNCTIONS
RETURN TISSUE FLUID TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
FIGHT INFECTION
LYMPH
FLUID CARRIED IN THE LYMPATHIC VESSELS; SIMILAR TO INTERSTITIAL FLUID BUT LESS OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS
**SWOLLEN GLANDS ARE THE RESULT OF LYMPH NODES MAKING EXTRA LYMPHOCYTES TO FIGHT INFECTION

13. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE IMMUNE RESPONSE COUNTERS SPECIFIC INVADERS
IMMUNE SYSTEM  RECOGNIZES AND DEFENDS AGAINST INVADING MICROBES AND AGAINST CANCER CELLS
ANTIGEN  A MOLECULE THAT ELICITS AN IMMUNE REPONSE
ANTIBODY  A PROTEIN FOUND IN BLOOD PLASMA THAT ATTACHES TO ONE PARTICULAR KIND OF ANTIGEN AND HELPS COUNTER ITS EFFECTS

14. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE IMMUNE RESPONSE COUNTERS SPECIFIC INVADERS
IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS A REMARKABLE “MEMORY”; ONCE IT ENCOUNTERS AN ANTIGEN IT REMEMBERS IT AND CAN COMBAT IT VERY QUICKLY
IMMUNITY  RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC INVADERS

15. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNITY  RESISTANCE TO SPECIFIC INVADERS
CAN BE ACQUIRED NATURALLY OR BY VACCINATION
VACCINE  HARMLESS VARIANT OF A DISEASE- CAUSING MICROBE
STIMULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO MOUNT DEFENSES AGAINST THE VARIANT

16. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNITY 2 FORMS ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY
BODY IS STIMULATED TO PRODUCE ITS OWN ANTIBODIES
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
BODY IS GIVEN ANTIBODIES (NOT PERMANENT!!)
EXAMPLES INCLUDE: FETUS GETS FROM MOTHER; A DIRECT SHOT OF ANTIBODIES

17. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPHOCYTES MOUNT A DUAL DEFENSE LYMPHOCYTES
WHITE BLOOD CELLS THAT SPEND MOST OF THEIR TIME IN THE TISSUES AND ORGANS OF THE LYMPATIC SYSTEM

18. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM B CELLS
ARISE FROM IMMATURE LYMPHOCYTES THAT DEVELOP IN THE BONE MARROW
GIVE RISTER TO HUMORAL IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY OCCURING IN THE BODY FLUIDS

19. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM T CELLS ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
ARISE FROM IMMATURE LYMPHOCYTES THAT DEVELOP IN THE THYMUS
GIVE RISE TO CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
ATTACKS INFECTED CELLS
ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
MOLECULES CAPABLE OF BINDING TO A SPECIFIC TYPE OF ANTIGEN

20. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
CLONAL SELECTION MUSTERS DEFENSIVE FORCES AGAINST SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
CLONAL SELECTION
ATTACHMENT OF AN ANTIGEN TO A SPECIFIC LYMPHOCYTE CAUSES MULTIPLICATION OF THAT LYMPHOCYTES VIA MITOSIS

21. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE INITIAL IMMUNE RESPONSE RESULTS IN A TYPE OF “MEMORY”
IT TAKES TWO EXPOSURES TO AN ANTIGEN TO MOUNT THE STRONGEST IMMUNE RESPONSE

22. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE INITIAL IMMUNE RESPONSE RESULTS IN A TYPE OF “MEMORY”
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
OCCURS WHEN LYMPHOCYTES ARE FIRST EXPOSED TO AN ANTIGEN AND FORM A CLONE OF EFFECTOR CELLS
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
AFTER PRIMARY; SECOND EXPOSURE ELICITS FASTER, STRONGER RESPONSE
MEMORY CELLS
MADE AT SAME TIME AS EFFECTOR CELLS; DIFFER IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION; MAY LAST FOR DECADES

23. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
OVERVIEW: B CELLS ARE THE MAIN WARRIORS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY
PLASMA CELLS
ANOTHER NAME FOR EFFECTOR B CELLS, THE ONES PRODUCING ANTIBODIES
ANTIBODIES ARE THE WEAPONS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY
ANTIBODY HAS 2 RELATED FUNCTIONS
RECOGNIZE AND BIND TO CERTAIN ANTIGENS
ASSIST IN NEUTRALIZING THE ANTIGEN
ANTIGEN-BINDING SITE
REGION OF THE MOLECULE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANTIBODY’S RECOGNITION-AND-BINDING FUNCTION

24. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ANTIBODIES MARK ANTIGENS FOR ELIMINATION
ANTIBODIES BIND TO FORM ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN COMPLEX WHICH ALLOWS FOR ANTIGEN DESTRUCTION

25. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ARE POWERFUL TOOLS IN THE LAB AND CLINIC
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
ALL THE CELLS PRODUCING THE ANTIBODIES ARE DESCENDANTS OF A SINGLE CELL AND THEREFORE ARE IDENTICAL
GREAT PROMISE IN MEDICINE AND RESEARCH

26. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY
2 MAIN KINDS OF T CELLS

27. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY
2 MAIN KINDS OF T CELLS
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
ATTACK BODY CELLS THAT ARE INFECTED WITH PATHOGENS
HELPER T CELLS
HELP ACTIVATE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS AND MACROPHAGES, EVEN HELP STIMULATE B CELLS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES

28. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
ATTACK BODY CELLS THAT ARE INFECTED WITH PATHOGENS
CTYOTOXIC T CELLS BIND TO ANTIGEN
WHEN BOUND IT CAUSES THE PRODUCTION OF PERFORIN
PROTEIN THAT CUTS HOLES IN MEMBRANE
ALLOWS OTHER PROTEINS TO ENTER AND CAUSE DEATH OF ANTIGEN

29. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
MAY HELP PREVENT CANCER
MONITOR CELLS AND DESTROY CANCEROUS ONES
IT’S A MYSTERY WHY THEY STOP WORKING

30. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
T CELLS MOUNT THE CELL-MEDIATED DEFENSE AND AID HUMORAL IMMUNITY
HELPER T CELLS
HELP ACTIVATE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS AND MACROPHAGES, EVEN HELP STIMULATE B CELLS TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES

31. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DEPENDS ON OUR MOLECULAR FINGERPRINTS
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHCs)
GROUP OF SELF-PROTEIN GENES
PROTEINS FOUND ON OWN CELLS; MARK THEM AS “OFF-LIMITS” TO IMMUNE SYSTEM

32. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
MALFUNCTION OR FAILURE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAUSES DISEASE
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
RESULTS WHEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM GOES AWRY AND TURNS AGAINST THE BODY’S OWN MOLECULES (EXAMPLE = LUPUS)

33. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
MALFUNCTION OR FAILURE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAUSES DISEASE
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
LACK ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFECTIONS THAT ORDINARILY WOULD NOT CAUSE A PROBLEM (EXAMPLE = HODGKIN’S; AIDS)

34. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ALLERGIES ARE OVERREACTIONS TO CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIGENS
ALLERGIES
ABNORMAL SENSITIVITIES TO ANTIGENS IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

35. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ALLERGIES ARE OVERREACTIONS TO CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIGENS
ALLERGENS
ANTIGENS THAT CAUSE ALLERGIES
MAST CELLS
NORMAL BODY CELLS THAT PRODUCE HISTAMINE AND OTHER CHEMICALS THAT TRIGGER THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
ANTIHISTAMINES
DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH HISTAMINE’S ACTION AND GIVE TEMPORARY RELIEF FROM AN ALLERGY
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
VERY SEVERE (POSSIBLY FATAL) ALLERGIC REACTION
CAN BE COUNTERED WITH AN INJECTION OF EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE)

36. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AIDS LEAVE THE BODY DEFENSELESS
HIV DESTROYS THE HELPER T CELLS; TURNING OFF HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES
LEAVES THE BODY DEFENSELESS AND OPEN TO OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
AIDS DOESN’T KILL, OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS DUE

37. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
SOME THINGS THAT ARE BAD FOR US; OR THAT ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO BE INSIDE OF US, ARE THE RESULT OF CHEMICAL (METABOLIC) REACTIONS IN OUR CELLS…OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN’T BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE
WE NEED THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM!!!