Training the Cultural Resource Manager

Training the Cultural Resource Manager
This presentation is designed to provide a modifiable template to DoD organizations and installations that portray 1) the value of cultural resources, 2) necessary legal drivers, 3) professional contacts and sources and 4) general knowledge and information sources on diverse aspects of cultural resource management. Slides 1-8 Overview This sequence of slides is an overview of the topics to be addressed. The slides touch on a general overview of what constitutes the responsibilities of cultural resource management, what examples are there of cultural resources that require protection and what is the perceived value to the Nation in protecting these resources. SLIDES 1 and 2 – Introduction to Module 1 A Training Module for the Cultural Resource Manager for the Department of Defense (DoD)

SLIDES 1 and 2 – Introduction to Module 1 Module 1 Fundamentals of Cultural Resource Management

What is Cultural Resource Management?
Cultural Resource Management (CRM) is a practice devoted towards the management and stewardship of cultural resources. As stewards for the public trust, DoD Cultural Resource Managers* are charged with the identification, and management of cultural resources and, by doing so, simultaneously facilitate the mission and preserve our cultural resources. Mandated by federal and state legislation, proper cultural resource management , requires a fundamental understanding of the historic value of the resource, and how Federal actions may have an impact on cultural resources. * The term Cultural Heritage Manager, Cultural Resource Specialist, and similar variations are also used. Frequently Asked Questions What are Cultural Resources? Why are Cultural Resources important? What are the key legal drivers/regulations that affect or drive protection of our cultural resources? How do I identify Cultural Resources? How do I manage Cultural Resources? Slide 3 provides a description what are the responsibilities of Cultural Resource Manager. The photograph depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) is as follows: archaeologist preparing for a survey. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are what information will be learned from this presentation such as what are cultural resources, why are cultural resources important, etc. Focus the audience’s attention on what information will follow.

Cultural Resources Are Defined As:
A historic property (or historic resource) is defined in the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) [16 U.S.C. § 470w(5)] NHPA 1966 as any “prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion on, the National Register of Historic Places, including artifacts, records, and material remains related to such a property or resource.” Following National Register Bulletin No. 36, NR Bulletin Link “Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Archaeological Properties” an archaeological site is “a location that contains the physical evidence of past human behavior that allows for its interpretation.” The term archaeological site refers to those that are eligible for or are listed on the National Register (historic properties) as well as those that do not qualify for the National Register. Cultural Resources Archaeology Architecture Landscapes Traditional Cultural Properties Folklore Shipwrecks Cemeteries & Burials Objects can be defined as an: archaeological artifact, or as, architectural history (e.g., a built feature that is small in scale and frequently commemorative in nature – such as a statue) Slide 4 provides a description of the legal definition of historic properties as defined in the National Historic Preservation Act of The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: projectile point, historic rail yard, historic cemetery, Native American consultation seminar, national battlefield. Key talking points from this slide are that cultural resources can be a variety of things, objects, or places. Focus the audience’s attention on the different things that can be considered cultural resources.

More Specifically, Cultural Resources Are…
HISTORIC PROPERTIES: as defined by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) • “…any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places…includes artifacts, records, and remains that are related to and located within such properties…includes properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to an Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization and that meet the National Register criteria.” 36 CFR (l)(1) CULTURAL ITEMS: as defined by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) • Human remains • Physical remains of the body of a person of Native American ancestry • Funerary objects • Items that have been intentionally placed at the time of death with or near the individual human remains • Associated funerary objects • Unassociated funerary objects • Sacred objects • Specific ceremonial objects that are need by traditional Native American religious leaders for the practice of traditional Native American religions by their present-day practitioners • Objects of cultural patrimony • Items that have ongoing historical, traditional, or cultural importance central to the Native American tribe or Native Hawaiian organization itself; of such central importance that they may not be alienated, appropriated, or conveyed by any individual member Slide 5 provides a more detailed description of what historic properties are as defined by NHPA, cultural items as defined by NAGPRA, and what archaeological resources are as defined by ARPA. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: shell casings, ship wreck, projectile point, historic cemetery, test unit excavations. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are that cultural resources can be a variety of things, objects, or places and how they relate to important laws. Focus the audience’s attention on the different things that can be considered cultural resources. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES: as defined by the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) • Any material remains of human life or activities that are at least 100 years old and that are of archaeological interest

More Specifically, Cultural Resources Are… (cont.)
SACRED SITES: as defined by Executive Order (EO) , Indian Sacred Sites, to which access is afforded under the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) Specific, discrete, narrowly delineated location on Federal property that has been identified by a Tribe, or appropriate representative thereof, as being sacred by virtue of its established religious significance to, or ceremonial use by a Native American religion. ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS: as defined by 36 CFR 79, Curation of Federally- Owned and –Administered Archaeological Collections Material remains that are excavated or removed during an archaeological survey, excavation or other study of prehistoric or historic resources • Artifacts – objects that have been made or modified by humans • Non-cultural remains – collected objects that are natural but have cultural or archaeological significance • Associated records that are prepared or assembled in connection with the survey, excavation or other study of prehistoric or historic resources Slide 6 is a continuation of critical laws and provides a more detailed description of what Sacred sites are as defined by Executive Order 13007, what constitutes an archaeological collection as defined by 36 CFR 79, and paleontological resources as defined by the Antiquities Act of The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: historic building, bottle finish, molded brick, projectile point, butchered bone fragment and a broken plate. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are cultural resources can be a variety of things, objects, or places and how they relate to important laws. Focus the audience’s attention on the different things that can be considered cultural resources. SIGNIFICANT PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES: as described by the Antiquities Act of 1906 Paleontological resource – fossils and associated physical items and data that contribute to the understanding of the fossils • Fossil – preserved remains, traces, or impressions of living organisms from a former geologic age

Value of Cultural Resources
How does the preservation of cultural resources affect us today? Can the preservation of cultural resources enhance the value of federal property? Cultural Resources create tangible links to our past and those who were here before us; Historic preservation is a powerful element in a community and economic development, and an essential tool for DoD stewardship and regulatory compliance; Well preserved and cared for Cultural Resources can instill a sense of tradition and pride in our heritage; DoD property is publicly owned land and we, as the land manager, must be good stewards –ensuring compliance with all federal and state requirements. “Cultural resources can benefit both the mission and the military budget if they are properly managed and integrated into the operations of the agency, installation, or base. What is needed is an understanding of the value of the resources, the imagination to see how they can be used, and a willingness to undertake the task.” According to the Department of Defense, “Recognizing and preserving such resources is one way in which society can impart its culture to future generations. Culturally significant buildings, landscapes, objects, and documents are the embodiment of shared historical experiences. They are the tangible evidence of national memory. ”(Legacy Resource Management Program 1994) Slide 7 describes the value of cultural resources to the DoD. This slide explains the benefit and importance of preserving our Nation’s heritage. Key talking points from this slide are that cultural resources can and should be preserved for now and for the future.

Why are cultural resources important?
Cultural resources provide information regarding our heritage, our practices, and our beliefs – these resources contribute to our sense of place and identity; Non-renewable resource – once destroyed the resource can never be restored. This is why it is critical to document cultural resources before they are lost forever. DoD land is publicly owned land and the CRM, as a steward for the public trust – has to ensure compliance with all federal and state requirements. Slide 8 describes the importance of cultural resources to the DoD. This slide explains how once cultural resources are lost they are gone forever. NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are that the DoD has an obligation to preserve publicly owned resources for now and for the future.

SLIDE 9 – Introduction to Module 2 Module 2 Federal and State Legislation

Mandated by Legislation (Federal)
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) - NHPA Detailed Description Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) - NAGPRA Detailed Description Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974 (AHPA) - AHPA Detailed Description National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) - NEPA Detailed Description Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA) -ARPA Detailed Description Antiquities Act Antiquities Act Detailed Description Historic Sites Act Historic Sites Act Detailed Description Public Buildings Cooperative Use Act of 1976 (PBCUA) - PBCUA Detailed Description American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 (AIRFA) - AIRFA Detailed Description Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 (ASA) - ASA Detailed Description Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) - ADA Detailed Description 36 CFR 60 - The National Register of Historic Places - 36CFR60 Detailed Description 36 CFR 68 - The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties - 36CFR68 Detailed Description 36 CFR 63 – Determinations of Eligibility for Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places - 36CFR63 Detailed Description 36 CFR 800 – Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties - 36CFR800 Detailed Description 36 CFR 79 – Curation of Federally Owned and Administered Archaeological Collections - 36CFR79 Detailed Description For an additional list of NPS laws - DOI NPS Laws The DoD has responsibilities under a number of Federal, State, Local and DoD laws that influence the way Section 106 duties are conducted. Section (b) of ACHP’s regulations specifically encourages coordination of Section 106 responsibilities with any reviews required under other authorities” such as NEPA, NAGPRA, AIRFA, ARPA, and agency-specific legislation. A list of important Federal legislative mandates and web links are included that provide detailed definitions of each of the listed Federal legislation orders that drive how cultural resources are protected. Legislations in bold are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities Appendix - Legislation Slide 10 describes the key federal laws mandated by legislation. Each federal law is followed by a link that describes that law in detail. Key talking points from this slide are that the laws in bold print are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities on DoD facilities.

Mandated by Executive Orders and Presidential Memoranda (Federal)
Executive Order Indian Sacred Sites - EO13007 Detailed Description Executive Order Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment - EO11593 Detailed Description Executive Order Locating Federal Facilities on Historic Properties in our Nation’s Central Cities - EO13006 Detailed Description Executive Order Consultation and Coordination with Native American Tribal Governments - EO13175 Detailed Description Executive Order Preserve America - EO13287 Detailed Description Executive Order Federal Real Property Asset Management - EO13327 Detailed Description Executive Order Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation - EO13423 Detailed Description Executive Order Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance - EO13514 Detailed Description Presidential Memorandum - Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal Governments - Presidential Memorandum - Govt-to-Govt Presidential Memorandum - Policy Concerning Distribution of Eagle Feathers for Native American Religious Purposes – Presidential Memorandum - Use of Eagle Feathers Mandated by Executive Orders and Presidential Memoranda (Federal) A list of important Executive Orders and Presidential Memoranda and web links are included that provide detailed definitions of each of the listed Federal legislation orders that drive how cultural resources are protected. Legislations in bold are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities Appendix – Legislation Slide 11 describes the key federal laws mandated by Executive Orders and Presidential Memoranda. Each Executive Order and Presidential Memorandum is followed by a link that describes that law in detail. Key talking points from this slide are that the laws in bold print are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities on DoD facilities.

Military Regulations or Guidelines for protecting Cultural Resources (Department of Defense)
Department of Defense Instruction – Cultural Resource Management - DoDI Description and Additional Information Department of Defense Instruction – DoD Interactions with Federally Recognized Tribes - DoDI Description and Additional Information Department of Defense Instruction – Environmental Conservation Program - DoDI Description and Additional Information Department of Defense Instruction – Consultation Policy with Native Hawaiian Organizations – DoDI Description and Additional Information Annotated Department of Defense American Indian and Alaska Native Policy - DoD American Indiana and Alaska Native Policy Department of Defense Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings – DoD Minimum Antiterrorism standards for Buildings Department of Defense Instruction – Management of Environmental Compliance at Overseas Installations - DoDI Description and Additional Information Department of Defense Instruction G – DoDI Description and Additional Information In-Theatre Training for protection of cultural resources Training for In Theater Cultural Resources Protection A list of important DoD mandates and guidelines and their websites that provide information on DoD regulations that drive how cultural resources are protected on military installations under each branch of the DoD. Legislations in bold are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities Appendix – Legislation Slide 12 describes the key military regulations protecting cultural resource on DoD properties. Each policy/instruction is followed by a link that describes that policy/instruction in detail. Key talking points from this slide are that the policy and/or instruction in bold print are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities on DoD facilities.

Military Regulations or Guidelines for protecting Cultural Resources (Individual Departmental Guidelines) Army Guidelines and Regulations Army - U.S. Army Historic Preservation Program 32 CFR 651 – Environmental Analysis of Army Actions - 32CFR651 Detailed Description Army Regulation – Environmental Protection and Enhancement – Army Regulation Detailed Description U. S. Army Corp of Engineers, Civil Works, Policy Guidance Letter 57: Tribal Policy Principles “Consulting with Tribal Nations: A Guide for the US Army Corps of Engineers”. - Tribal Policy Principles Detailed Description Army American Indian and Alaska Native Policy - Army American Indian and Native Alaskan Policy Description Army Post Cemeteries Way Ahead - Assessment of Military Cemeteries Memorandum: Department of the Army Inspector General (DAIG) Post Cemetery Inspection - Detailed Description A list of important Army guidelines and regulations along with their websites that provide information on how cultural resources are protected on Army installations. Legislations in bold are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities Appendix – Legislation Slide 13 describes the key military regulations protecting cultural resource on DoD properties. Each regulation is followed by a link that describes that regulation/policy in detail. Key talking points from this slide are that the regulation/policy instruction in bold print is particularly relevant in day-to-day activities on DoD facilities.

Military Regulations or Guidelines for protecting Cultural Resources (Individual Departmental Guidelines) Navy and Marine Guidelines and Regulations 32 CFR Procedures for Implementing the National Environmental Policy Act - 32CFR775 Detailed Description SECNAV Instruction A – Department of the Navy Cultural Resources Program – A Detailed Description SECNAV Instruction A – Department of the Navy Policy for Consultation with Federally Recognized Tribes – A Detailed Description MCO P5090.2A – Environmental Compliance and Protection Manual - MCO P5090.2A Detailed Description MCO P5750.1G – Manual for the Marine Corps Historical Program – MCO P5750.1G Detailed Description U.S. Marine Corps Guidance for Completion of an Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plans - USMC ICRMP Guidance Navy - NAVFAC Cultural Resources and U.S. Navy - Historic Preservation Program MCAS Environmental Compliance Program Standard Operating Procedures (ECSOP), Chapter 9, Historic and Archaeological Resources Protection - USMC Environmental Compliance and Protection A list of important Navy and Marine guidelines and regulations along with their websites that provide information on how cultural resources are protected on Navy and Marine installations. Legislations in bold are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities Appendix – Legislation Slide 14 describes the key military regulations protecting cultural resource on DoD properties specific to the United States Navy and Marines. Each regulation is followed by a link that describes that regulation/policy in detail. Key talking points from this slide are that the regulation/policy instruction in bold print is particularly relevant in day-to-day activities on DoD facilities.

Military Regulations or Guidelines for protecting Cultural Resources (Individual Departmental Guidelines) Air Force Guidelines and Regulations 32 CFR 989 – Environmental Impact Analysis Process - 32CFR989 Detailed Description Air Force Instruction – Cultural Resource Management Program – Detailed Description Air Force Instruction – Air Force Comprehensive Planning – Detailed Description Air Force Instruction – Air Force Environmental Impact Analysis Process – Detailed Description Air Force Handbook (AFH) , Volume 4 – Environmental Guide for Contingency Operations Overseas - AFH Detailed Description Air Force Instruction – Environmental Management – Detailed Description Air Force Policy Directive – Environmental Quality Detailed Description A list of important Air Force guidelines and regulations along with their websites that provide information on how cultural resources are protected on Air Force installations. Legislations in bold are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities Appendix – Legislation Slide 15 describes the key military regulations protecting cultural resource on DoD properties specific to the Air Force. Each regulation is followed by a link that describes that regulation/policy in detail. Key talking points from this slide are that the regulation/policy instruction in bold print is particularly relevant in day-to-day activities on DoD facilities.

Army National Guard Guidelines and Regulations
ARNG – Army National Guard Historic Preservation Program National Guard Bureau – ARE-C All States Letter (P ) – Cultural Resources Management Policy Guidance – NGB Guidance National Guard Bureau – ARE-C ICRMP Guidance – NGB-ICRMP Memorandum: Applicability of National Historic Preservation Act Consultation Requirements to Disposal, Change in Use or Demolition of Historic Readiness Centers – NGB-Memorandum Memorandum: Policy Guidance for Management of Historic Properties within the Army National Guard – NGB-Memorandum Memorandum: National Guard Bureau Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) Template for National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 Undertakings Affecting Above Ground Historic Resources – NGB-Memorandum Memorandum: National Guard Bureau Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) Template for National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 Undertakings Affecting Below-Ground Historic Resources – NGB-Memorandum New State ARNG ACHP Contact Guidance – ARNG-ACHP Memorandum: National Guard Bureau (NGB) Guidance for the Completion and Implementation of Programmatic Agreements under the National Historic Preservation Act – NGB-NHPA Memorandum: National Guard Bureau Guidance for Federally Recognized Native American (Tribes) Memorandums of Understanding – NGB-MOU Memorandum: Army National Guard Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan (ICRMP) Policy Guidance for Revisions and Updates – ICRMP-Revisions and Updates Military Regulations or Guidelines for protecting Cultural Resources (Individual Departmental Guidelines) A list of important Army National Guard guidelines and regulations along with their websites that provide information on how cultural resources are protected on Army National Guard installations. Legislations in bold are particularly relevant in day-to-day activities Appendix – Legislation Slide 16 describes the key military regulations protecting cultural resource on DoD properties specific to the National Guard. Each regulation is followed by a link that describes that regulation/policy in detail. Key talking points from this slide are that the regulation/policy instruction in bold print is particularly relevant in day-to-day activities on DoD facilities.

National Council of State Historic Preservation Officers
Mandated by Legislation (State) State Historic Preservation Laws Below is a list of important State laws that need to be addressed prior to an undertaking. Permits for Excavation Protection of Human and Skeletal Remains Protection of Native American Graves Conservation and Preservation Easements Protection of Historic and Prehistoric Sites Credit for Qualified Rehabilitated Buildings Investment In addition to Federal laws, it is equally important to follow individual State laws regarding protection and treatment of state resources. Pertinent state laws can be found on individual state SHPO websites SHPO Websites. Slide 17 describes the importance of state regulations and their importance on cultural resources on DoD properties. Key talking points from this slide are that all states have specific regulations that must be adhered to as well as DoD and federal regulations. National Council of State Historic Preservation Officers

Slides 18-25 Highly relevant legislation. These slides are the foundation for the legislation protecting cultural resources and the trainee should have a basic familiarity with these laws. SLIDE 18 – Introduction to Module 1.5 Module 1.5 Key Legislation and how they are applied to DoD projects

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)
Primary historic preservation law Established the basic framework for the practice of historic preservation Assigned historic preservation responsibilities to Federal agencies Slide 19 The National Historic Preservation Act defines the responsibilities of the “Lead Federal Agency” to protect cultural resources if they execute a Federal undertaking, a Federal permit is required, ground disturbing activities take place on Federal Land or Federal money is used in that undertaking. Section 106 is the specific part of the Historic Preservation Act defining the agency’s responsibilities. This act defines the characteristics of a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) Property, and the steps the Federal government must go through to protect cultural resources in undertakings. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: NRHP plaque that is placed onto a building, example of NRHP-listed building [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Note: Module 1 – National Historic Preservation Act has more detailed information on this process. Background photo: Cranston Street Armory, Providence, RI (Jack Boucher, HABS). Bottom photos, left to right: Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel #6, Burlington, CO (NHL Collection); archeologist excavating at the Jamestown National Historic Site, Jamestown Island, VA (Sarah Pope); Windsor Covered Bridge, Windsor, VT (NHL Collection); Lolo Hot Springs vic., ID (NHL Collection); Madison Historic District, Madison, IN (Jack Boucher, HABS). For a detailed discussion on how NHPA affects DoD projects on installations, click here Module 1 - NHPA

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
Intentional excavation/inadvertent discoveries (e.g., human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, objects of cultural patrimony) on Federal and tribal lands Collections Human remains and associated funerary objects Other cultural items (unassociated funerary objects, sacred objects, objects of cultural patrimony) Slide 20 The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act establishes the responsibility of the Federal Government to protect Native American remains in Federal undertakings and to establish a protocol to return Native American remains to Federally Recognized Tribes. This law is very important to Native Americans in protecting their heritage and their ancestors. Native Americans have an important and recognized role in consultation associated with the disposition of Native American remains. For installations where Native American remains have been recovered, or are likely to be encountered, this is an important legislative mandate. The image depicts skeletal remains [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Note: Module 2 – Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act has more thorough description of the steps and process associated with this legislation. For a detailed discussion on how NAGPRA affects DoD projects on installations, click here Module 2 -NAGPRA

Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
Federal Land Federal Permitting Prohibited Acts (Unauthorized excavation, removal, damage, alteration, or defacement of archaeological resources) and Criminal Penalties Slide 21 Archaeological Resources Protection Act is a piece of legislation that establishes the criminality associated with destruction or theft of cultural resources. Installations where archaeological sites have been vandalized by digging and looting of artifacts should take special note of this law. Recently enforcement of this law has been effective in curtailing wholesale destruction of archaeological sites. The photographs depicted (from left to right) are as follows: sign expressing the need to leave things along, defacement of a historic resource, flyer showing what happens to people who steal cultural materials. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Note: Module 3 – Archaeological Resources Protection Act describes this legislation and protocol in more detail. For a detailed discussion on how ARPA affects DoD projects on installations, click here Module 3 - ARPA

Archaeological Collections Management
What are archaeological collections (material remains & associated records)? Tasks associated with archaeological collections include: locating collections (where are they stored?), assessing collections (were collections curated correctly?), bringing collections up to standards, storing the collections (safe and secure), using the collections (exhibits, loans), inspections and inventories (do you know where all the collection is at all times?), funding curation, collections management documents (was each collection curated to state and federal guidelines?) Slide 22 Archaeological Collections Management defines established acceptable characteristics of a facility housing archaeological artifacts and archival documents. In most cases facilities must have climate control, protective measures against theft and a process to record all items housed. There are many more stipulations associated with collections management that each individual installation needs to be aware of. In some cases the installation maintains their own collections, and in other cases a state recognized facility may be used. The background photograph depicts a curatorial facility designed to house archaeological collections. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Note: Module 4 – Archaeological Collections Management describes collections management in more detail. For a detailed discussion on archaeological collections management for DoD projects, click here Module 4 - Archaeological Collections Management

National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) Requires DoD to consider alternatives to a proposed action; Obligates DoD to consider impacts of their actions to the human environment (physical, natural, cultural and social); Ensures DoD will provide an opportunity for public input into the decision-making process; Still must comply with environmental and cultural resource legal requirements. NEPA and Section 106 requirements can be complied with concurrently or together based on the proponent’s needs/requirements Slide 23 The National Environmental Policy Act establishes a process for cultural resources to be protected as other natural resources. Note: Module 5 – National Environmental Policy Act describes this law in more detail. For a detailed discussion on how NEPA affects DoD projects on installations, click here Module 5 - NEPA

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) & Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) Understand the importance of Integrating NHPA into the CERCLA site plan; Understand the importance of consultation during the Section 106 process (during the public phase/feasibility study); Common interest “Protection” that is what both regulations are all about. CRM should be included in CERCLA clean up site planning, to address issues of National Register eligible sites; Consultation is the key to the success of both regulations working together Slide 24 CERCLA relates to protection of cultural resources associated with “Superfund” sites. The graphic shows the approximate distribution of Superfund sites in the continental United States of America. Note: Module 6 - NHPA and CERCLA describes the interaction of these laws in greater detail. For a detailed discussion on how NHPA and CERCLA affects DoD projects on installations, click here Module 6 - NHPA and CERCLA

Slides 25-44 How are cultural resources identified? This section discusses in detail, with relevant links, the steps that are taken to identify cultural resources, including various surveys and descriptions of those cultural resource types. This module offers a glimpse into the steps to identify cultural resources, usually termed ”surveys”, determining if they are NRHP eligible and mitigating a historic resource if necessary and what steps are involved. These slides describe different archaeological, architectural and traditional cultural properties and show examples of different methods, cultural resource artifacts, buildings and landscapes throughout the slides. SLIDE 25 – Introduction to Module 2 Module 2 How Are Cultural Resources Identified?

What is an Undertaking? NHPA defines “undertaking”
as a project, activity, or program funded in whole or in part under the direct or indirect jurisdiction of a Federal agency including: Those carried out by or on behalf of the agency; Those carried out with Federal financial assistance; Those requiring a Federal permit, license, or approval; and Those subject to State of local regulation administered pursuant to a delegation or approval by a Federal agency For further detailed information see the following link Archaeology Guidance Proposed projects or “undertakings” may have the potential to affect historic properties. A historic property (or historic resource) is defined in the NHPA [16 U.S.C. § 470w(5)] as any “prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places including artifacts, records, and material remains related to such a property or resource.” All kinds of effects need to be considered: Slide 26 describes a Federal “undertaking”. An undertaking sets in motion the cultural resource protection process described in the previously mentioned legislation and guidelines. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are that most undertakings have the potential to effect historic properties. It is important to understand the project and if it could cause damage to historic resources.

Does the undertaking have the potential to affect historic properties?
An undertaking has the potential to affect historic properties if it will: Change a building or structure in any way; or Disturb the ground; or Produce something visible; or Produce something audible; or produce something that smells; or Change land use; or Change traffic patterns; or Change social, cultural , or economic patterns. Slide 27 describes how an undertaking could affect a historic resource. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are that potential does not mean certainty. It means reasonable possibility. Potential does not mean certainty, it means reasonable possibility.

Background on Protocol & Process
Plans for proposed changes to historic buildings, development of new training areas, construction on a prominent visual landmark, fall under the purview of Section 106 requirements. Prominent players in the process would include: Cultural Resources Manager (CRM) The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) Tribal Historic Preservation Officer (THPO) Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) Management agreements with other agencies or entities. Who else on post might be involved in CRM? (e.g. engineering, range, energy, planning, public works, public research/interest) Additional resources that provide valuable information to the CRM. Federal Agency Historic Preservation Programs and Officers Archaeology Tools National Register Links and Publications Cultural Resource Laws Section 106 process is designed to accommodate preservation of our nation’s heritage while allowing the development, maintenance, and adaptation of properties necessary to maintain and improve the Department of Defense programs, operations, and personnel. Slide 28 describes the key players that are involved in the Section 106 process. This is a multi-team process that has federal, state and tribal groups involved. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] A key talking point from this slide is that the CRM should involve all stakeholders as early in the process as possible.

NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT – SECTION 106 COMPLIANCE
How It Works INITIATE PROCESS Establish Undertaking Identify Appropriate SHPO/THPO Plan to involve the public Identify other consulting parties No undertaking / no potential to cause effects Undertaking is type that might affect historic properties CONSULT Identify historic properties Determine scope of efforts (location, project footprint, consult on APE) Evaluate historical significance CONSULT No historic properties affected CONSULT Historic properties are affected Slide 29 visually describes the steps associated with Section 106. A key talking point from this slide is the importance of consulting early and often. Assess adverse effects Apply criteria of adverse effect CONSULT No historic properties adversely affected CONSULT Historic properties are adversely affected Resolve adverse effects Continue consultation CONSULT Memorandum of Agreement Failure to agree Council Comment

Area of Potential Effect (APE) and Project Footprint
The lead federal agency makes the Effect Determination; with the assistance of the SHPO and the THPO, and not the consultant. It is very important for the agency to maintain control of the effect determination process. The agency can hire consultants to gather information and make recommendations on their behalf. The agency then uses all information gathered to determine effect and requests concurrence from the SHPO/THPO. If the agency does not maintain control of the determination of effect, then confusion, delay, and conflict may occur. The regulations do not include a process for resolving an agency’s disagreement with a SHPO or THPO determination, but only for the reverse. 36 CFR § 800.4(b)(1) - Definition 36 CFR § Definition The Project footprint will include the direct impacts of a project such as the foundation of a new building or the corridor of a new road. However the APE will also include indirect impacts such as staging areas, equipment access roads, visual and auditory impacts, economic impacts, etc. and will usually be a much larger area than the footprint. Slide 30 describes what the Area of Potential Effect (APE) is and includes direct and indirect effects. The photograph depicts a possible way to visually describe both direct and indirect effects of an undertaking. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] A key talking point from this slide is that the APE includes more than just the footprint of an undertaking. A common mistake in APE definition is to equate the APE with the project footprint.

Native American Consultation:
Stakeholders - Parties that have consultative roles in the Section 106 process, including SHPOs; THPOs; Native American tribes; Native Hawaiian organizations; representatives of local governments; applicants for Federal assistance, permits, licenses, and other approvals; the ACHP; and other individuals and organizations with a demonstrated interest in the undertaking or the affected historic properties. Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Alaska Native are different under the law. Not all Native American groups are federally recognized. Some are State recognized tribes and may be included in the consultation process as interested parties. Key Point: Native American Tribes are Federally Recognized. They are a Domestic Sovereign Nation and are included as interested parties. If an undertaking may affect properties of traditional religious or cultural significance to a Federally-recognized Native American Tribe, then it is critical to initiate consultation on a government-to-government basis with Federally Recognized Native American Tribes . Formal government-to-government consultation with Federally recognized Native American tribes will occur only between the garrison commander (GC), installation Commander, or the Adjutant General (TAG) of a state ARNG and the heads of tribal governments. Follow-on activities may be accomplished by staff. Simply sending letters to tribes is not a reasonable effort. Slide 31 describes the importance of consulting with Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Native Alaskans if an undertaking could affect a traditional cultural property. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] A key talking point from this slide is that formal government-to-government consultation with Federally recognized Native American tribes will occur only between the garrison commander (GC), installation Commander, or the Adjutant General (TAG) and the heads of tribal governments.

Background Research Critical Questions
ICRMP: Has the installation’s ICRMP been reviewed prior to the undertaking? Has the area in question already been surveyed for archaeological or architectural resources? When was the survey completed? Does your installation have an archaeological sensitivity maps? Has your military installation done any predictive modeling? Does the state you are working in have an online database of sites and surveys? Are there any maps of the area (historic maps, soil survey maps, or construction drawings)? Were any buildings at the installation constructed between 1946 and 1991 specifically for Cold War missions? Were other structures utilized for Cold War missions? What was the area used for prior to the proposed construction (e.g., are there Unexploded Ordinance (UXO) concerns? Have the specific consulting parties (SHPO/THPO, Native American groups, etc.) been notified of the undertaking? Background Research Prior to commencing an undertaking, it is crucial to understand what information already exists about the area, resources, surveys, mapping, etc. before starting a project. Slide 32 describes the importance of conducting background research of the area potentially affected by an undertaking to determine what has been done in the area prior to construction. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM needs to evaluate what has been completed in the past to help in determining what has been done and what still needs to be done before an undertaking should occur. Background image: Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Nicholas Kien, left, shows Samuel Tsosie, a retired Marine who served as a Navajo Code Talker during World War II, an M16 service rifle on Camp San Mateo, Calif., March 27, Tsosie's visit to the battalion gave younger Marines an opportunity to learn about an important aspect of Marine Corps heritage. Tsosie served with 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment in multiple battles, including Peleliu, Okinawa, and Cape Gloucester. U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. James Gulliver

Archaeological Survey
Survey/Inventory: The process of determining what resources are present in a given area by identifying a defined area, determining the boundaries of said area, and recording archaeological sites within the defined area. There is no one standard approach to identification. The Secretary of the Interior’s (SOI) Standards for Identification should be considered, along with pertinent state, tribal, and local procedures, but there is no absolute standard. The individual making the eligibility statement must meet the SOI’s professional qualifications standards (36 CFR 61) Professional Qualifications Standards. Refer to state guidelines for individual DoD installation. SHPO Websites Questions the CRM should ask prior to an undertaking: Have any archaeological surveys been conducted? (results) When was the survey completed? What methodology was used? Do results correspond with what is expected for your region? The stages of an archaeological survey/inventory, investigation or mitigation as defined in Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, include three basic steps described in the following slides; Archaeological Survey, Archaeological Evaluation, and Archaeological Mitigation. Slide 33 describes what an archaeological survey is, who can conduct the survey, and what the state requirements are. The photograph depicts an archaeologist performing an archaeological survey. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM needs to evaluate if a survey has been performed and if not, have one completed prior to the undertaking.

Archaeological Evaluation
Evaluation: How valuable to our history is the identified cultural resource? After sites have been identified and recorded they are tested for “significance”, which is “eligibility” for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Evaluations involve additional research (archaeological excavation, historic records, oral history, etc.) to fully understand the prehistoric/historic value of the resource. Does the resource have the potential to make significant contributions to our knowledge of prehistory/history or is representative of our heritage. Does it meet one or more of the criteria listed below? Refer to state guidelines for individual DoD installation. SHPO Websites For a property to be eligible for the National Register, it must meet at least one of the four National Register main criteria: Criterion A, "Event," the property must make a contribution to the major pattern of American history. Criterion B, "Person," is associated with significant people of the American past. Criterion C, "Design/Construction," concerns the distinctive characteristics of the building by its architecture and construction, including having great artistic value or being the work of a master. Criterion D, "Information potential," is satisfied if the property has yielded or may be likely to yield information important to prehistory or history. The National Historic Preservation Act requires federal agencies to evaluate the impact of all federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties (cultural resources, buildings, archaeological sites, etc.) through a process known as Section 106 Review. This act also created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices. Slide 34 describes what an archaeological evaluation is once an archaeological site is identified and if it meets one of the four main National Register of Historic Places criteria. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide is does the historic property meet one of the four criteria.

Archaeological Mitigation
Mitigation: Sites that have been determined as eligible for the NRHP need to be protected and preserved. If these sites must be impacted then “mitigation” must take place. Mitigation attempts to avoid negative impacts by 1) altering the plan of impact so the resource is not affected or 2) record the historically valued information imbedded in the resource, so that the information is preserved. For an archaeological site, avoidance of the property results in a determination of no effect. If avoidance is not possible, a determination of adverse effect is made. Mitigation may be excavation and retrieval of artifacts that reflect the life ways of Native Americans, or photographs of an historic structure. When a mitigation is necessary, the lead federal agency must submit a detailed data recovery plan to the SHPO/THPO and consultation with interested parties for review and comment. If the mitigation is to be undertaken in completion of Section 106 responsibilities, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) must also be contacted. The excavation of a significant portion of the site to be impacted, analysis of the artifacts and features, reporting of the results, and possibly public dissemination of the information will also take place. Refer to state guidelines for individual DoD installation. SHPO Websites Once an archaeological site is determined to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register, the effect a project may have on the property must be assessed. Mitigation is a way to remedy or offset an adverse effect or a change in a historic property’s qualifying characteristics in such a way as to diminish its integrity. Treatment is the act of mitigating those effects, or how one goes about implementing the mitigation measure(s) agreed upon in consultation. Thus, a mitigation plan for the undertaking may contain several treatment plans, one for each property being adversely affected. Data recovery is a common mitigation measure that, through implementation of a treatment plan, retrieves the important information present within an archaeological site that makes it eligible before the site’s integrity is compromised or destroyed. Slide 35 describes what needs to happen once an archaeological site has been determined as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Mitigation is a way to remedy or offset an adverse effect or a change in a historic property’s qualifying characteristics in such a way as to diminish its integrity. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that once a site has been determined NRHP-eligible it needs to be protected and preserved. If a site must be impacted then “mitigation” must take place. Mitigation attempts to avoid negative impacts by 1) altering the plan of impact so the resource is not affected or 2) record the historically valued information imbedded in the resource, so that the information is preserved.

Alternative or Creative Mitigation (Archaeology)
Examples of Alternate or Creative Mitigation: preserving selected eligible archaeological sites and incorporating them into heritage tourism plans while allowing others to be lost; burying sites under fill or incorporating them into the undertaking; using resources to develop syntheses of existing information on a region or area instead of, or in addition to, using them on data recovery; use of barriers to route traffic away from eligible archaeological sites; using resources to develop virtual or Web-based reports or educational media that otherwise would not be produced; Creating visual barriers to or from the site to reduce the visual impacts; All mitigation methods are completed in consultation with SHPO, THPO, ACHP and potentially individual DoD installation. Alternative or Creative Mitigation (Archaeology) These terms refer to alternatives to archaeological data recovery as mitigation for an undertaking’s adverse effects. Such approaches can either be implemented alone or as part of a broader mitigation package. The concept of “alternative” or “creative” mitigation is consistent with the definition of “mitigation” as used in the National Environmental Policy Act regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality [Section (c)-(e)], where it includes: (1) Rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected environment; (2) Reducing or eliminating the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations during the life of the action; and (3) Compensating for the impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments (i.e., “off-site mitigation”). Slide 36 describes alternatives to archaeological data recovery as mitigation for an undertaking’s adverse effects. Such approaches can either be implemented alone or as part of a broader mitigation package. The photographs depicted show a power line tower that is blocked by trees to cover possible viewshed impacts to a historic resource. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking point from this slide is that any and all mitigation methods must be completed in consultation with SHPO, THPO, and ACHP prior to implementation.

Prehistoric Archaeology
Rockshelter or Cave Extractive (Quarry, Workshop) Habitation (Camp, Village, Hamlet, Pithouse) Defensive works Ceremonial (Stone Mound, Earth Mound, Earthwork, Cemetery, Stone Circle, Petroglyph/Pictograph) Cooking Pits, Hearths, Fire Pits, Trash pits Shell Midden Midden Lithic Scatter Weir Isolated Find Kiva Cairn Prehistoric Archaeology Prehistoric archaeology is the scientific study of human cultures based on analysis of material remains before historical records began to be used. Here is a list of some prehistoric sites that could be encountered on military installations: Slide 37 describes what prehistoric archaeology is and the type of sites that could be encountered on a military installation. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: rock shelter archaeological survey, skeletal image, test unit excavation, rock cairn, projectile point. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM could encounter many different prehistoric site types based on the location of the DoD facility and what region the base is located in.

Artifact Types: Prehistoric
Projectile Points Ceramics Bone tools Shell jewelry Shell tools Pipes Fabric Effigy ceramics Funerary articles Stone tools Copper How do you interpret the value of the artifacts recovered? Slide 38 describes different types of prehistoric cultural materials that could be recovered from your military installation. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: prehistoric pottery, laboratory analysis, projectile point base, museum prehistoric artifact display, projectile point. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM could encounter many different prehistoric artifacts from their DoD facility.

Historical Archaeology
Residential Commercial (Millrace, Canal, Barn, Sawmill) Social (Dance Hall) Government (Public Building) Mortuary (Cemeteries, Burial/Grave) Religious (Church) Educational (School) Recreational (Still) Industrial (Factory) Healthcare (Hospital) Fences Wells Military (Battlefields, Monuments, Stockades) Transportation (Roads, Railroads, Bridges) Submerged (Ship Wreck) Foundations Dumps Artifact Scatters Historical archaeology is the scientific study of human cultures based on analysis of material remains after historical records began to be used. Here is a list of some historical sites that could be encountered on military installations: Slide 39 describes what prehistoric archaeology is and the type of sites that could be encountered on a military installation. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: military encampment, mill works, cemetery, rail line, homestead, tin can scatter, jaw harp. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM could encounter many different types of historic sites based on the location of the DoD facility and what region the base is located in.

Artifact Types: Historical
Coins Dishes Eating utensils Clothes Furniture Personal items Military articles Etc…. How do you interpret the value of the artifacts recovered? Slide 40 describes different types of historic cultural materials that could be recovered from your military installation. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: Seated Liberty dime, toothbrush (front and back), bottle finishes (four), coin token, portion of a plate, nail, shell casing (side and bottom view) jaw harp, shoe sole, bottle (side and base). [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM could encounter many different historic artifacts from their DoD facility.

Architectural Survey Survey/Inventory: Identified as a survey. Unlike archaeological surveys, historic architectural surveys often need to take into account not only specific buildings, structures, or object, but also the viewshed surrounding the resource that an action may effect also known as the “built environment”. NR Bulletin 15 defines common terms when describing the built environment: Building – a man-made structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place created to shelter any form of human activity Structure – used to distinguish from buildings those functional constructions made usually for purposes other than creating human shelter Site – location of a significant event, a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archeological value regardless of the value of any existing structure Object – used to distinguish from buildings and structures those constructions that are primarily artistic in nature or are relatively small in scale and simply constructed. District – possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development Landscape – a geographic area which has undergone past modification by human design or use in an identifiable pattern, or is the relatively unaltered site of a significant event, or is a natural landscape with important traditional cultural values. Questions the CRM should ask prior to an undertaking: Has an architectural survey been conducted? When was the survey completed and what were the results? What methodology was used? Were any of the resources determined NRHP eligible? The stages of an architectural survey/inventory and mitigation as defined in Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, include these basic steps described in the following slides; Architectural Survey, Architectural Evaluation, and Architectural Mitigation. Agencies are responsible for identification of historic properties and should refer to state guidelines for individual DoD installation. SHPO Websites The individual making the eligibility statement must meet the SOI’s professional qualifications standards (36 CFR 61) Professional Qualifications Standards. Slide 41 describes what an architectural survey is, who can conduct the survey, what the state requirements are, and key terms when describing the built environment specifically differences between building, structure, object, district, and landscape. The photograph depicts an architectural resource on a military installation. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM needs to evaluate if an architectural survey has been performed and if not, have one completed prior to the undertaking.

Architectural Evaluation
Evaluation: How valuable to our history is the identified cultural resource? Like archaeological sites, architectural resources are evaluated for their “significance”, which is “eligibility” for the NRHP. Evaluations involve additional research (historic records, historic maps, property valuation administration records, archival records, and oral histories, for example) to fully understand the context of both the individual resource documented as well as its relationship to adjacent buildings and the surrounding landscape as appropriate. Developing a historic context for both the individual building and its environment is vital to assessing if it meets one or all of the criteria listed below. Refer to state guidelines for individual DoD installation. SHPO Websites For a property to be eligible for the National Register, it must meet at least one of the National Register criteria: Criterion A, "Event," the property must make a contribution to the major pattern of American history. Criterion B, "Person," is associated with significant people of the American past. Criterion C, "Design/Construction," concerns the distinctive characteristics of the building by its architecture and construction, including having great artistic value or being the work of a master. Criterion D, "Information potential," is satisfied if the property has yielded or may be likely to yield information important to prehistory or history. Criterion Consideration G, “Buildings under 50 years of age,” Structures can be associated with events or themes, most specifically in regards to Cold War context. As stated previously, the National Historic Preservation Act requires federal agencies to evaluate the impact of all federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties through a process known as Section 106 Review. An architectural survey can include the documentation of only the buildings and structures to be impacted directly as well as those within a viewshed of the proposed action. Impacts to the landscape are also considered. Slide 42 describes what an architectural evaluation is, National Register of Historic Places eligibility criteria, and what the research requirements are. The photographs depict an architectural resource on a military installation. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations] Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM needs to evaluate if an architectural evaluation has been performed and if not, have one completed prior to the undertaking.

Architectural Mitigation
Mitigation: Mitigation offers a way to preserve the history of the site while maintaining project goals. The goal is to preserve valued information and minimize or avoid adverse impacts to the resource. Mitigation attempts to avoid negative impacts by 1) altering the plan of impact so the resource is not affected or 2) record the historically and architecturally significant features of the resource. For a historic building, only by avoiding a direct impact to the resource or its surrounding environment can be considered no effect. If the proposed action cannot avoid the historic resource, the lead federal agency must consult with the SHPO and interested parties to determine the proper course of action to the mitigate adverse impacts. Mitigation requirements are most commonly written up in a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) or a Programmatic Agreement (PA), which require consultation with the ACHP. Refer to state guidelines for individual DoD installation. SHPO Websites Once an architectural resource is determined to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register, the effect a project may have on the property must be assessed. Mitigation is the action decided in consultation with the SHPO to offset an adverse impact from a proposed action that diminishes the resource’s integrity of location, materials, setting, association, design, feel, and workmanship. Mitigation efforts range in type, depending upon the complexity of the project and the adverse impact. Examples of mitigation include large format photographic documentation; development of a more detailed historic context; creation of a mitigation and treatment plan; and the production of educational materials. Slide 43 describes what architectural mitigation is with regard to adverse impacts from a proposed action on a resource eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM needs to evaluate in conjunction with the State Historic Preservation Office, potential adverse impacts from proposed actions.

Alternative or Creative Mitigation (Architectural)
Examples of Alternate or Creative Mitigation: Creating visual barriers (e.g., trees) that reduce the visual impacts to a structure; Installing new HVAC equipment in locations that are not visible from the surrounding area (e.g., on the roof or behind bushes); Installing solar panels on the roof will reduce energy costs and will likely not alter the historic nature of the building; Installing ground source heat pumps to reduce energy costs and will likely not alter the historic nature of the building; All mitigation methods are completed in consultation with SHPO, THPO, ACHP and potentially individual DoD installation. These terms refer to alternatives or creative mitigation to architectural resources for an undertaking’s adverse effects. Such approaches can either be implemented alone or as part of a broader mitigation package. The concept of “alternative” or “creative” mitigation is consistent with the definition of “mitigation” as used in the National Environmental Policy Act regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality [Section (c)-(e)], where it includes: (1) Rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected environment; (2) Reducing or eliminating the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations during the life of the action; and (3) Compensating for the impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments (i.e., “off-site mitigation”). Slide 44 describes what alternate or creative mitigation approach with regard to adverse impacts to architectural resources from a proposed action on a resource eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM, in conjunction with the State Historic Preservation Office, needs to develop a wide range of mitigation measures due to potential adverse impacts from proposed actions.

Architectural Survey: HABS/HAER/HALS
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS): Focus is contextual Armories are a good example of buildings documented under HABS Historic American Engineering Record (HAER): Documents historic sites and structures related to engineering and industry Focus on machinery and processes more so than the building fabric Bridges are good example of structures documented under HAER Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS): Landscapes include gardens, cemeteries, farms, quarries, nuclear test sites, reservoirs/dams, suburbs, and abandoned settlements Camp Clark in Missouri, Territorial Road in Michigan, and Arnold AFB in Tennessee are good examples of military landscapes All three documentation programs include: Large format photographs Written narrative Historic photos Blueprints Three distinct methods for mitigating the adverse impacts buildings, structures, and landscapes are the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), and The Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS). HABS was the nation’s first preservation program, but HABS/HAER/HALS is now usually completed as mitigation of an impact rather than a survey due to cost. A brief description of each follows. Further reading on these topics can be found at the National Park Service website. Slide 45 describes three distinct methods of recording architectural resources, HABs, HAER and HALS. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM has several tools that can be used to carefully record historic resources to ensure they are correctly documented prior to an undertaking.

Architectural Survey: Maintenance and Treatment Plans
Specific topics in a maintenance and treatment plan include: Historically and architecturally significant features Historic context for the individual resource, historic district, or landscape Summary of alterations to the resource, historic district, or landscape Recommendations for maintaining the historic and architecturally significant features based on materials, such as masonry, metal, wood, glass, etc. Results of invasive or non-invasive testing Cost estimates Recommendations on consultation with agencies and consulting parties if appropriate Resources determined eligible need to be maintained according to the Secretary of the Interior’s standards for the treatment of historic properties. Maintenance and treatment plans provide specific information to maintain historic buildings, structures, and landscapes. This type of document can be created out of specific need or as a mitigation document. Slide 46 describes architectural surveys and the development and use of maintenance and treatment plans for resources determined as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM has several tools that can be used to carefully record historic resources to ensure they are correctly maintained and treated to preserve historic integrity.

Architectural Survey: Educational Materials
Types of educational materials that can be created include: Pamphlets/brochures Booklets Toolkits Permanent museum displays Outdoor signage Videos Websites Archives (paper and artifact) Temporary celebration displays Architectural renderings A new component being developed within architectural surveys is the creation of educational materials. Educational materials provide a way to mitigate an adverse impact by preserving the history of a building, historic district, or landscape and disseminating the information to the public. There are no formal guidelines for educational materials and should be developed in consultation with appropriate agencies. Slide 47 describes architectural surveys and the development and use of educational materials to mitigate an adverse impact for resources determined as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM has a new component (educational materials) being developed within architectural surveys to simultaneously mitigate an adverse impact and preserve the history of the resource through public education.

Other Types of Cultural Resources on DoD Property
Battlefields Aerial Targetry (including Bombs) Firing Ranges (including Targets) Emplacements (Bivouacs, Foxholes, Trenches) Antenna or Communications Towers Land Navigation Markers Flagpoles Walkways Gates Static Displays Runways/Tarmacs Rail Spurs Speed Test Tracks Jump Towers Storage Igloos Hangars Visual Observation Towers Rocket Test Stands/Silos Aircraft Crash Sites Loading Pits (for loading aircraft and munitions) Submerged Resources (Sunken Aircraft, Ships, etc.) Sacred Animals or Sacred Plants used in traditional Native American practices (e.g., medicine) (Tribal Consultation required) Sacred sites / Traditional Cultural Properties Other Supporting Infrastructure. In addition to the traditional prehistoric and historical sites listed in the previous slides, when considering cultural resources that could be located on a military installation, care should be taken to consider other types of resources that could be eligible for the NRHP or important to Native American Tribes and could include: Slide 48 describes other types of cultural resource properties that could be encountered on a military installation. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: battlefield, shipwreck. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM could encounter many different types of cultural resources on a military base that are different from non-military sites.

Traditional Cultural Property (TCP) definition
that are rooted in that community's history, are important in maintaining the continuing cultural identity of the community; that constitute a location associated with the traditional beliefs of a Native American group about the group’s origins, cultural history, or the nature of the world; are a location where Native American or Native Hawaiian religious practitioners have historically gone, and are known or thought to go today, to perform ceremonial activities in accordance with traditional cultural rules of practice; or are a location where a community has traditionally carried out economic, artistic, or other cultural practices important in maintaining its historic identity. Example of TCPs Traditional Examples a location associated with the traditional beliefs of a Native American/Native Hawaiian group about its origins, its cultural history, or the nature of the world; a location where Native American/Native Hawaiian religious practitioners have historically gone, to perform ceremonial activities in accordance with traditional cultural rules of their practice/beliefs; a location where any community has traditionally carried out economic, artistic, or other cultural practices important in maintaining its historic identity. Non-traditional Examples a rural community whose organization, buildings and structures, or patterns of land use reflect the cultural traditions valued by its long-term residents; an urban neighborhood that is the traditional home of a particular cultural group, and that reflects its beliefs and practices; Traditional Cultural Property as defined by National Park Service, Bulletin 38. A National Register property is significant as Traditional Cultural Property and eligible for recognition in the National Register when it is associated with cultural practices or beliefs of a living community and is defined by these criteria: Slide 49 explains how “Traditional Cultural Properties” have specific guidance, and may involve Federally Recognized Native American Tribes. Traditional Cultural Properties may require consultation with appropriate Tribes through installation specific protocol of communication. The photograph depicts the Medicine Wheel TCP in Wyoming. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM must know what sites on their base have been determined TCPs and that they need specific attention.

Curation: Federal law, regulations, and service-wide guidance dictate that installations are required to curate (i.e., provide professional, long-term care for) all archaeological collections recovered from DoD-owned and managed lands. Archaeological materials and all associated records must be maintained together as a unit. Curation should begin before archaeological materials are collected or a document is created. A curation plan should be developed and implemented. Consider that all curation actions may have a permanent, rather than temporary, effect. Inappropriate curation methods have decreased “survivability” of many collections. Document each action. Maintain chain of custody and administrative control over collections. Follow guidelines in 36 CFR Part 79, Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered Archeological Collections. Curate collections in a professional repository that meets the basic standards outlined 36 CFR Part 79. Slide 50 describes the curation process and how the storage and recordation associated with artifacts, and archival documents are important. It should be noted that some installations have their own facilities for managing collections and if so, the trainee should have access to that curation facility and understand the specific protocols that may be in place to manage the installation’s collections. The photograph depicts a typical curatorial facility. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking point from this slide is that the CRM should be familiar with the curation process and know if their installation has their own facility for curation.

Slides 51-54 How are Cultural Resources Managed These slides engage the trainee on how to deal with cultural resources once they have been identified. If an undertaking has the potential to disturb or destroy a cultural resource, steps have to be taken to avoid what is termed an “adverse impact” to the resource. A key term related to these slides includes the term “significance”. A “significant” cultural resource is a site that could be enrolled in or “eligible for” for the National Register of Historic Places, because it has special historic value. The key characteristics of a cultural resource that relate to significance are discussed in these slides. A very important point here is that if a cultural resource is not determined or “evaluated” to be significant, then the undertaking can move forward without additional protective measures for the cultural resource. A cultural resource believed to be “significant” must be protected either through avoidance or other measures, called “mitigation” that act to reduce the adverse effect of the impact on the cultural resource. Plans to mitigate significant cultural resources can be complex and consultation is usually necessary between the state historic preservation office and installation environmental managers as well as DoD cultural resource specialists. Key points here are what constitutes significance, and what role does “mitigation” plays in protecting cultural resources. Mitigation can take many forms, but most options involve preserving the historically significant components of the cultural resource. For archaeological sites, the collection of artifacts and archaeological information fulfills the mitigation. For architecturally significant structures, photographs blueprints and historic overviews of the property may fulfill mitigation. SLIDE 51 – Introduction to Module 3 Module 3 How Are Cultural Resources Managed?

How is “significance” defined?
The criteria applied to evaluate properties for the National Register (NR) are listed below. These criteria are worded in a manner to provide for a wide diversity of resources. To be eligible for the NR a resource must meet a set of standards that apply to the quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and: Criterion A, that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or Criterion B, that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or Criterion C, that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or Criterion D, that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. To be significant, a cultural resource must have important historical, cultural, scientific, or technological associations and it must manifest those associations in its physical substance (NPS-28:9; National Register Evaluation Criteria How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation National Register of Historic Places Program: Publications Qualifications as defined by the Secretary of the Interior, require a minimum education and experience required to perform identification, evaluation, registration, and treatment activities. Professional Qualifications Standards Each nomination contains a narrative section that provides a detailed physical description of the property and justifies why it is significant historically with regard either to local, state, or national history. Slide 52 describes the definition of “significance”. To be significant, a cultural resource must have important historical, cultural, scientific, or technological associations and it must manifest those associations in its physical substance. Key talking points from this slide are the four criteria that are used to determine if a resource is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.

Factors for NRHP Evaluation
What makes a cultural resource eligible? How to Evaluate the Integrity of a Property Integrity is the ability of a property to convey its significance. To be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, a property must not only be shown to be significant under the National Register criteria (A-D), but it also must have integrity. The evaluation of integrity is sometimes a subjective judgment, but it must always be grounded in an understanding of a property's physical features and how they relate to its significance. Location - is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred. Design - is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property. Setting - is the physical environment of a historic property. Materials - are the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property. Workmanship - is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. Feeling - is a property's expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. Association - is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property. Equally important, the resource must possess these critical qualities that include integrity, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. The criteria are applied differently for different types of properties; for instance, maritime properties have application guidelines different from those of buildings Slide 53 describes what makes a cultural resource eligible for the National Register (Criteria A-D) but the resource must also show integrity. The photograph depicts a ladder to topside at Malmstrom AFB launch facility. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are the seven aspects that are used to determine the integrity of a resource.

Factors for NRHP Evaluation (cont.)
However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following seven (7) categories (36 CFR 60): A) a religious property deriving primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or B) a building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant primarily for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; or C) a birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associated with his or her productive life; or D) a cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, from association with historic events; or E) a reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or F) a property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own exceptional significance; or, G) a property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance such as an special value or quality in illustrating the Cold War heritage of the United States (e.g., Cold War Nike sites, staging areas for historic airlifts, etc) Factors for NRHP Evaluation (cont.) What about properties that are less than 50 years in age? How to Apply the Criteria Considerations Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, and properties that have achieved significance within the past fifty years are not considered eligible for the National Register. Slide 54 continues the description of NRHP eligibility but for resources that are less than 50 years in age. [NOTE: Picture can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are the seven categories that are used to determine NRHP eligibility for resources less than 50 years in age. A F-117A Stealth aircraft undergoing icing tests in the main chamber of the McKinley Climatic Laboratory at Elgin Air Force Base, Fort Walton Beach, FL. The laboratory, whose period of significance extends to within the past fifty years, was listed under Criterion G based on exceptional importance for its contribution to the development of military aviation during the World War II and Cold War eras, and for its advanced engineering design. (Official U.S.A.F. photograph, 1991)

Slides 55-64 Protecting Cultural Resources These slides inform the viewer on what activities may potentially damage cultural resources. Ground disturbing activities may damage archaeological sites. Any modifications to buildings, including window replacements, duct work or demolition have the potential to damage historic buildings. Historic landscapes may be impacted by the placement of cell towers, for example cell towers next to a famous battlefield impact the historic “feel” of the location. SLIDE 55 – Introduction to Module 4 Module 4 How Are Cultural Resources Protected?

Protecting Cultural Resources
Alternatives to mitigation or additional mitigation activities may include: Heritage Documentation Programs Preservation in place/in situ (protective fencing or interpretive signage) Site stabilization (i.e., erosion or other adverse effects) Preservation or conservation plans developed with SHPO/THPO and Agency consultation Detailed documentation (HABS,HAER, HALS) Slide 56 describes alternatives to mitigation or additional mitigation activities that could be considered on a military installation in consultation with SHPO, THPO and ACHP on archaeological sites. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: interpretive signage of a 20th century amusement park, detailed documentation (HALS study at Camp Clark, Missouri for MOARNG), public outreach and education with children excavating artifacts, preservation plans made in consultation with SHPO/THPO, intentional burial (shipping port site), bank stabilization at Lake Hudson. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM should present non-destructive alternatives to the SHPO/THPO to look for ways to preserve historic resources. Intentional burial (may not be acceptable in all states) Public outreach/education

Protecting Cultural Resources (cont.)
Occasionally a building’s façade is retained while the structure’s interior is altered. It is critical that the process comply with the PA and monitoring may be necessary. Re-use or re-purposing a building, rather than relegating the building to demolition. By changing the primary function of a building while retaining the building’s structural and unique aesthetic details, is known as adaptive re-use of a building and is highly encouraged so long as it does not take away from the building’s integrity, monitoring may be necessary. If a historical resource is suffering decay, it is important to have a plan for treatment or Preservation in place. Slide 57 describes alternatives to mitigation or additional mitigation activities that could be considered on a military installation in consultation with SHPO, THPO and ACHP on architectural resources. The photographs depicted (from top to bottom, clockwise) are as follows: M&T Plan for the Tyndall-Morehead Armory , Muscatatuck Urban Training Center, Building 4, the interior of this building from MacDill AFB has been completely remodeled. It transitioned from a telecommunications building to a monitoring building and is now a data collection building. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide are that the CRM should present non-destructive alternatives to the SHPO to look for ways to preserve historic resources. If demolition of a building is the only recourse, then following documentation, and in accordance with energy standards, building materials may be salvaged and re-used. Building originally used as telecommunications building now used as a data collection building

Management and Protection of Cultural Resources
Create buffer zones, put up fencing Educate others Interpretation – makes others aware of significance Withhold site locations from public disclosure Create / Update ICRMP Create / Update SOPs Create / Update Mapping/GIS Create / Update Buffers / Zones Create / Update Historic Maintenance and Treatment Plans Ongoing Consultation – maintain relations Coordinate with others on and off Post A reasonable and good faith effort to learn enough to make reasonable judgments about effects. Effects must be taken into account, but protection or mitigation efforts will vary depending upon the scope of a particular undertaking. Avoidance of a site is not the same as preservation. Maintain an up-to-date listing of all historic properties, Maintain historic status in conjunction with real property inventory and reporting guidelines. Withhold from public disclosure information about the location, character, or ownership of a historic property when the GC determines that disclosure may cause risk of harm to the historic property or may impede the use of a traditional religious site by practitioners. Consider alternatives for historic properties, including adaptive reuse, that are not needed for current or projected installation mission requirements. Slide 58 describes how to ensure individuals on military installations aware of what resources are located on their base. Additionally, the slide discusses what resources are available at the CRM’s disposal and to make sure these resources are available. Key talking point from this slide is that avoidance of a site is not the same as preservation of that site.

Threats to Cultural Resources
Slide 59 shows threats to cultural resources. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking point from this slide is that there are many things that could damage or destroy an archaeological site both man-made and natural threats.

Threats to Cultural Resources
Threats to Cultural Resources and what can be done to minimize those effects? Erosion Illicit collector behavior Vandalism Demolition Decay Re-purposing Controlled Burn Plowing / Fire breaks Development Urbanization Encroachment What kinds of threats exist? Threats range from the slow and relentless (i.e., time), and the swift and catastrophic (i.e., hurricanes, flooding, earthquakes, tornados). Immediate Stabilization & Continuing Operations – Develop mechanisms for support for immediate stabilization and encourage continuity of operational plans for historic preservation. Key Points: Be prepared by; Taking steps to mitigate potential damage, Provide better response and recovery from disasters be they natural or manmade, Have a preservation plan and agreement documents. Slide 60 shows threats to cultural resources. Threats can be slow and relentless (i.e., time) or they can be swift and catastrophic (i.e., flooding, etc.). Key talking points from this slide is that the CRM must be prepared by taking steps to mitigate potential damage, provide better response and recovery from disasters be they natural or manmade, and have a preservation plan and agreement documents in place.

What Could Damage Cultural Resources
Tracked and wheeled vehicle maneuvering; Artillery impact and live-firing of weapons; Facility construction; Right-of-way easements; Construction of pedestrian trails; Construction of a modern structure or feature within the viewshed of an historic property or district; Construction of new roads (dirt or paved); Construction of fire breaks in new areas which involve earthmoving activities; Construction of new food plots, or ground disturbance at food plots located on known archaeological sites; Forest management (i.e., timber harvesting, tree planting, prescribed burning); Erosion control measures that alter original ground surface; Remediation activities that involve building demolition and earth excavation to remove contaminants; Other earthmoving activities (i.e., terrain modification); Plowing and disking in historically agricultural areas; and Repair, alteration, modification, demolition, or disposal of standing structures – including bridges – over 45 years of age. What activities should the CRM consider that could be harmful to archaeological and architectural resources located on base? Natural resources management activities, as well as training and routine operational and maintenance activities that could require Section 106 consultation may include the following: Slide 61 describes specific activities that could be harmful to archaeological and architectural resources. The photograph depicted shows a historic structure in decay due to neglect. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking points from this slide is that the CRM must be prepared and be informed of what activities on base could adversely affect cultural resources on their installation so good communication within the organization is essential.

What Activities Are Not Likely to Damage Cultural Resources
Mowing and routine landscaping; Use of existing excavated areas; Munitions storage; Fueling and refueling activities; Repair, alteration, modification, demolition, or disposal of structures less than 50 years of age (exceptions apply to properties that meet Criteria Considerations that would make it eligible for listing to the NRHP); and Transfer of a structure under 50 years of age to another State or Federal Agency. What activities should the CRM consider non-destructive that would not be harmful to archaeological and architectural resources located on base? Natural resources management activities, as well as training and routine operational and maintenance activities that generally do not require Section 106 consultation include: Slide 62 describes specific activities that are considered non-destructive to cultural resources. The photograph depicted shows a non-destructive activity performed on a base. [NOTE: Pictures can be replaced to reflect specific military installations]. Key talking point from this slide is that the CRM must be aware of activities on base are not destructive to cultural resources so good communication between departments is essential. Army Sgt. Jonathan Vasquez, a mechanic with Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the 525th Military Police Battalion, mows grass near the battalion's U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay motor pool, Sept. 24, Read more:

Information and Support - DoD
Sources of Information and Support - DoD Ms. Maureen Sullivan Federal Preservation Officer Department of Defense Ms. Serena G. Bellew Deputy Federal Preservation Officer Mr. Hew Wolfe Federal Preservation Officer Department of the Army Mr. Donald R. Schregardus Department of the Navy Mr. Michael McGhee, P. E. Federal Preservation Officer Department of the Air Force Mr. Charles R. Smith Acting Federal Preservation Officer U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Ms. Kathleen McLaughlin Department of the Army Mr. William R. Manley United States Navy Lt. Col. Sharon Spradling Deputy Federal Preservation Officer Department of the Air Force Mr. Paul D. Rubenstein Ms. Sue Goodfellow, Ph.D. Cultural Resources Specialist United States Marine Corps x 3339 Sources of information and Support on DoD Facilities; Who is in my chain of command (Installation Specific Supervisory Personnel). Neighboring CRM same agency, neighboring CRM other agencies ICRMP provides critical information to new CRM and should be reviewed immediately - DoD Website Slide 63 lists key contacts for DoD facilities. Key talking point from this slide is that the CRM should have and use a list of key contacts and be aware that good communication between departments and agencies is invaluable and critical for all installations.

Sources of Information and Support – Off Post
Sources of information off post/base: SHPO – SHPO Websites THPOs, Native American Tribes - Tribal Preservation Program Federal Agency Historic Preservation Programs and Officers - Federal Agency Historic Preservation Programs and Officers - Agency Information ACHP, oversees the Section 106 process - Working with Section 106 NPS, Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places and oversees the National Historic Landmark Program - National Register of Historic Places Program Universities - Universities with Historical and Underwater Programs Historical and Genealogical Societies - Directory of Historical Societies Certified Local Governments - SHPO Websites - CLG Links other local or regional interest groups - Resources by State/Province Societies and Associations Sources of support for information may vary significantly by region; Non-Military resources offer many resources of information that could benefit the CRM: Facilities Manager(s) GIS data bases, personnel INRMPs, SOPs, PAs, MoAs, and MoUs (DoD or agency wide) Slide 64 lists other potential resources for information that are non-DoD. Key talking point from this slide is that the CRM should understand that there are many resources and places to go for additional information or help.

Glossary ACHP Advisory Council of Historic Preservation ADA Americans with Disabilities Act AIRFA American Indian Religious Freedom Act APE Area of Potential Effect CRM Cultural Resource Management/Manager FGS Final Governing Standards GIS Geographic Information System HABS Historic American Buildings Survey HAER Historic American Engineering Record HALS Historic American Landscape Survey ICRMP Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan INRMP Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan MOA Memorandum of Agreement MOU Memorandum of Understanding NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NPS National Park Service NRHP National Register of Historic Places PA Programmatic Agreement PBCUA Public Buildings Cooperative Use Act SHPO State Historic Preservation Office SOP Standard Operating Procedure TCP Traditional Cultural Property THPO Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Slides 65-70 Glossary of Terms, Bibliography, Suggested Reading, and brief Summaries of key Legislation

Bibliography Legacy Resource Management Program
The Benefits of Cultural Resource Conservation: Commander’s Guide. United States Department of Defense. National Park Service Bulletin 28 Cultural Resource Management Guideline. National Park Service.

Suggested Readings Gulliford, Andrew
2000 Sacred Objects and Sacred Places: Preserving Tribal Traditions. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. [ISBN ] Hardesty, Donald R., and Barbara J. Little 2009 Assessing Site Significance: A Guide for Archaeologists and Historians. (Second edition). Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, California. [ISBN ]2 King, Thomas F. 2013 Cultural Resource Laws and Practice. (Fourth edition). Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, California. [ISBN ] Stipe, Robert E. (editor) A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the Twenty-First Century. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. [ISBN ] King, Thomas F., editor 2011 A Companion to Cultural Resource Management. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, United Kingdom. [ISBN ]

Legislation Antiquities Act of 1906 – Any person who knowingly disturbs or destroy any historic or prehistoric site or any object of antiquity, on lands owned or controlled by the Government without permission shall, upon conviction, be fined in a sum of not more than five hundred dollars or be imprisoned for a period of not more than ninety days, or shall suffer both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Antiquities Act of 1906 Historic Sites Act of Establishes as a national policy to preservation for public use of historic sites, buildings and objects. This act led to the eventual establishment within the National Park Service of the Historic Sites Survey, the Historic American Building Survey (HABS), the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER), and the National Historic Landmarks Program. Historic Sites Act of 1935 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) – This is legislation that is intended to preserve architectural and archaeological sites in the U.S. NHPA 36 CFR 800; Section requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties. 36 CFR 800; Section 106 36 CFR 79 – This regulation establishes definitions, standards, procedures and guidelines to be followed by Federal agencies to preserve collections of prehistoric and historic material remains, and associated records.36 CFR 79 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) - NEPA's basic policy is to assure that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action that significantly affects the environment. NEPA

Legislation Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act of This act amends the 1960 Reservoir Salvage Act by providing for the preservation of significant scientific, prehistoric, historic and archaeological materials and data that might be lost or destroyed as a result of flooding, the construction of access roads, relocation of railroads and highways, or any other federally funded activity that is associated with the construction of a dam or reservoir. AHPA American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 (AIRFA) - states that it is a policy of the United States to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise the traditional religions of the American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, and Native Hawaiians, including but not limited to access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonial and traditional rites. AIRFA Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA) – This regulation has two major aspects. The first is the lawful excavation and study of archaeological sites. The second is the illegal excavation or removal of an archaeological resource. ARPA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) - This law addresses the process for proper treatment and disposition of Native American Human remains. NAGRPA

Legislation Executive Order 13007, Indian Sacred Sites - to allow Native Americans to worship at sacred sites located on federal property and to avoid adversely affecting the physical integrity of such sites. EO 13007 Abandoned Shipwreck Act of This law specifies that any wreck that lies embedded a state's submerged lands is property of that state and subject to that state's jurisdiction if the wreck is determined as being abandoned. ASA AR – requires the agency to identify historic and/or prehistoric properties within an area that may be impacted by an undertaking and to evaluate those properties’ eligibility for nomination to the NRHP. AR 200-1 For overseas installations, the country-specific FGS requirements. Air Force Handbook (AFH) , Volume 4 – Environmental Guide for Contingency Operations Overseas AFH Army National Guard Program ARNG DoDI Department of Defense Instruction – Cultural Resource Management Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) ADA SECNAV Instruction A – Department of the Navy Cultural Resources Program SECNAV A Public Buildings Cooperative Use Act of 1976 (PBCUA) PBCUA

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