1. Co-ordination of the Cardiac Cycle Aims Describe how heart action is coordinated with reference to the sinoatrial node (SAN), the atrioventricular node (AVN) and the Purkyne tissue Be able to interpret and explain electrocardiogram (ECG) traces, with reference to normal and abnormal heart activity 07 August 2015

2. The heart is made of cardiac muscle. When the cells receive an electrical impulse they contract - causing a heartbeat. Cardiac muscle is myogenic - it can contract on its own, without needing nerve impulses.

5. Sinoatrial node (SA node) This specialized node is found on the upper inside wall of the right atrium. The SA node is known as the pacemaker of the heart and initiates a heartbeat every 0.85 seconds. This signal travels across the atria causing them to contract and load the ventricles with blood. Ventricles are electrically insulated from atria - so they don’t contract yet.

6. Atrio-ventricular node (AV node) The AV node is located on the bottom surface of the right atria and is responsible for initiating the contraction of the ventricles. Electrical impulse passes to ventricles via AV node and the Bundle of His. They pass the impulse to the base of the ventricles (~ 0.1 s delay). The bundle of His is a group of fibres that conduct impulses to Purkyne fibres which carry impulses to left & right ventricles. Ventricles then contract from the bottom upwards.

7. No impulse Cardiac muscle relaxes = diastole

8. Electrocardiograph P = atrial systole QRS = ventricular systole T = ventricular diastole

9. Records electrical activity of heart to monitor heart function. Pacemaker generates electrical currents in body fluids around the heart - detected by electrodes to produce ECG Heart muscle: depolarises (loses electrical charge) when it contracts repolarises (regains charge) when it relaxes

11. Ventricular fibrillation is an abnormal heart rhythm that is disorganized and irregular.

12. Ventricular tachycardia is a rapid, regular heart rhythm that originates in the lower chambers of the heart.

13. Heart block refers to a delay in the normal flow of electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat.

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