1. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology

2. For Review: Antigen: A substance which, when put into a body, stimulate the body to produce antibodies against it. Antibodies: A protein in blood serum that attacks a specific antigen. It can either destroy it or neutralize it. Agglutination: Clumping of RBCs due to antibodies attacking antigens

3. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Q: Why do red blood cells agglutinate? A: The antibodies for each antigen of blood type are able to bind at TWO binding sites to the antigen (sometimes called marker molecules). This enables the antibody to bond in two places and thus bind numerous RBCs together. (See illustrations)

4. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Q: Why do red blood cells agglutinate?

5. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Q: Why do red blood cells agglutinate?

6. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology This agglutination can cause clotting which can be fatal in a transfusion. Remember: Blood type ____ has ________ antibody

7. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology This agglutination can cause clotting which can be fatal in a transfusion. Remember: Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody

8. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology This agglutination can cause clotting which can be fatal in a transfusion. Remember: Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody Blood type ____ has ________ antibody

9. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology This agglutination can cause clotting which can be fatal in a transfusion. Remember: Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody Blood type _B__ has _anti-A_ antibody

10. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology This agglutination can cause clotting which can be fatal in a transfusion. Remember: Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody Blood type _B__ has _anti-A_ antibody Blood type ____ has ________ antibody

11. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology This agglutination can cause clotting which can be fatal in a transfusion. Remember: Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody Blood type _B__ has _anti-A_ antibody Blood type _O__ has _BOTH_ antibodies

12. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology This agglutination can cause clotting which can be fatal in a transfusion. Remember: Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody Blood type _B__ has _anti-A_ antibody Blood type _O__ has _BOTH_ antibodies Blood type ____ has ________ antibody

13. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology This agglutination can cause clotting which can be fatal in a transfusion. Remember: Blood type _A__ has _anti-B_ antibody Blood type _B__ has _anti-A_ antibody Blood type _O__ has _BOTH_ antibodies Blood type _AB_ has _NEITHER_ antibody

14. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Antibodies can be artificially created to attack certain antigens (e.g. illegal drugs). These antibodies are often used in drug testing.

15. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called _________________.

16. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.

17. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 1: Antigen (e.g. the illegal drug) is attached to a carrier protein molecule.

18. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 1: Antigen (e.g. the illegal drug) is attached to a carrier protein molecule. WHY?

19. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 1: Antigen (e.g. the illegal drug) is attached to a carrier protein molecule. WHY? (We’ll come back to that question)

20. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 2: The antigen (attached to its carrier protein) is injected into an animal (e.g. a rabbit).

21. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 2: The antigen (attached to its carrier protein) is injected into an animal (e.g. a rabbit). Days or weeks typically elapse while the body of the animal develops an antibody

22. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 3: Spleen cells are extracted from the rabbit.

23. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 4: Fuse the (normal) spleen cells with cancer cells.

24. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 4: Fuse the (normal) spleen cells with cancer cells. WHY?

25. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 4: Fuse the (normal) spleen cells with cancer cells. WHY? (We’ll get back to that later as well)

26. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Step 5: Let them grow in a petri dish. They will produce as many antibodies as you want.

27. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____.

28. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions:

29. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 1) Why do we attach the antigen to a carrier protein before injecting it into the animal?

30. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 1) Why do we attach the antigen to a carrier protein before injecting it into the animal? A: The usually antigen is too small. (the larger molecule elicits a more potent immuno-response)

31. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells?

32. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells? A: The answer is in the definition of the type of cells these produce called hybridoma cells.

33. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells? A: hybridoma cells: Cells that are produced when normal cells are fused with myeloma or lymphoma (cancer) cells TO PRODUCE CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH.

34. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells? A: Think about what a HYBRID (…e.g. a hybrid car…)

35. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells? A: Therefore hybridoma cells have the benefits of both:

36. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells? A: Therefore hybridoma cells have the benefits of both: a) Normal cells capacity to produce the specific antibody

37. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells? A: Therefore hybridoma cells have the benefits of both: a) Normal cells capacity to produce the specific antibody b) Cancer cells ability to reproduce quickly.

38. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Back to our questions: Q: (from step 4) Why did we fuse the normal spleen cells from the rabbit with cancer cells? A: Therefore hybridoma cells have the benefits of both: a) Normal cells capacity to produce the specific antibody b) Cancer cells ability to reproduce quickly. So TOGETHER….

39. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. (This immunoassay technique is illustrated on pages 290 and 292 of the Saferstein text)

40. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces ______________ antibodies.

41. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology The technique for producing these antibodies is called __immunoassy_____. Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies.

42. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. Q: What is the difference between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies?

43. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. Q: What is the difference between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies? A: Polyclonal antibodies bond to MANY sites on a particular antigen

44. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. Q: What is the difference between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies? A: Polyclonal antibodies bond to MANY sites on a particular antigen Monoclonal antibodies bond to only ONE site on a particular antigen

45. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. Q: What is the difference between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies? A: Polyclonal antibodies bond to MANY sites on a particular antigen Monoclonal antibodies bond to only ONE site on a particular antigen (See the hand-drawn illustrations)

46. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. Q: Why are monoclonal antibodies more desired than polyclonal antibodies?

47. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. Q: Why are monoclonal antibodies more desired than polyclonal antibodies? A: Because monoclonal antibodies are more specific to the antigen in question.

48. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. Q: Why are monoclonal antibodies more desired than polyclonal antibodies? A: Because monoclonal antibodies are more specific to the antigen in question. I.e. polyclonal antibodies can often bond to antigens other than the one you want them to.

49. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. Q: Why are monoclonal antibodies more desired than polyclonal antibodies? A: Because monoclonal antibodies are more specific to the antigen in question. I.e. polyclonal antibodies can often bond to antigens other than the one you want them to. BOTTOM LINE: More false positive drug tests when using polyclonal antibodies as one of the reagents.

50. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Also this immunoassay technique is a good one because it produces __monoclonal___ antibodies. BOTTOM LINE: More false positive drug tests when using polyclonal antibodies as one of the reagents. NOTE: ALL immunoassay techniques will produce antibodies that will give false positives (even the monoclonal antibodies). The key is to minimize it.

51. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT

52. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique

53. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT EMIT is widely used to detect drugs & drug metabolites in urine that are difficult to detect

54. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT (Use the illustration on page 291 of Saferstein text) First: Put an antibody for the drug testing for into urine sample

55. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT (Use the illustration on page 291 of Saferstein text) Second: Place a labeled version of the drug in the urine sample.

56. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT (Use the illustration on page 291 of Saferstein text) Second: Place a labeled version of the drug in the urine sample. (B/c the drug is labelled it is easy to detect)

57. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT (Use the illustration on page 291 of Saferstein text) Second: Place a labeled version of the drug in the urine sample. (B/c the drug is labelled it is easy to detect) Competition for binding sites will occur between the labelled drug and the unlabeled drug

58. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT (Use the illustration on page 291 of Saferstein text) Third: Test for the labeled drug.

59. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT (Use the illustration on page 291 of Saferstein text) Third: Test for the labeled drug. If no labeled drug is present then the antibody was able to remove all of it b/c no unlabeled drug was present (no competition)

60. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT (Use the illustration on page 291 of Saferstein text) Third: Test for the labeled drug. If (YES) labeled drug IS present then the antibody was NOT able to remove all of it b/c of the competition between labelled and unlabeled drug.

61. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology Another great example of immunoassay is EMIT (Use the illustration on page 291 of Saferstein text) E.G of EMIT: Using the antibody for THC-9 carboxylic acid (which is a metabolite of marijuan=-

62. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN

63. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN After locating semen stain(s) testing to confirm its identity should take place. This can include DNA testing

64. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 1: Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids.

65. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 1: Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids. However, acid phosphatase is present in far greater amounts in seminal fluid (anywhere from 50-1000 times more concentrated in fluid from prostate gland) when compared to other bodily fluids.

66. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 1: Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids. Acid phosphatase reacts with certain reagents (e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate and certain dyes) to produce a purple color.

67. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 1: Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids. Acid phosphatase reacts with certain reagents (e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate and certain dyes) to produce a purple color. So the purple color indicates a positive test for semen.

68. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 1: Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids. Acid phosphatase reacts with certain reagents (e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate and certain dyes) to produce a purple color. So the purple color indicates a positive test for semen. Therefore, the acid phosphatase test is a(n) ________________ test for the presence of semen.

69. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 1: Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids. Acid phosphatase reacts with certain reagents (e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate and certain dyes) to produce a purple color. So the purple color indicates a positive test for semen. Therefore, the acid phosphatase test is a(n) ___presumptive____ test for the presence of semen.

70. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 1: Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids. Acid phosphatase reacts with certain reagents (e.g. Sodium napthylphosphate and certain dyes) to produce a purple color. So the purple color indicates a positive test for semen. Therefore, the acid phosphatase test is a(n) ___presumptive____ test for the presence of semen. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdnOTMXiUW0

71. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids. A false positive can be given from: a. fruit & veggie juices b. vaginal fluid

72. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 1: Acid Phosphatase Test: Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme present in many bodily fluids. A false positive can be given from: a. fruit & veggie juices b. vaginal fluid However, the purple color will typically occur much sooner if it is from seminal fluid (1 min or less from semen; several min from other substances)

73. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 2: Look under microscope for presence of sperm.

74. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 2: Look under microscope for presence of sperm. Under 400x magnification if sperm are seen then (obviously) that is positive for semen.

75. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 2: Look under microscope for presence of sperm. Under 400x magnification if sperm are seen then (obviously) that is positive for semen. However, there are some hurdles to seeing sperm:

76. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 2: However, there are some hurdles to seeing sperm: A) Fragile nature of sperm (easily destroyed)

77. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 2: However, there are some hurdles to seeing sperm: A) Fragile nature of sperm (easily destroyed) B) oligospermia: low sperm count

78. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 2: However, there are some hurdles to seeing sperm: A) Fragile nature of sperm (easily destroyed) B) oligospermia: low sperm count C) aspermia: The absence of sperm (e.g. would be the case if the person had a vasectomy)

79. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 3: PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (aka “p30”)

80. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 3: PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (aka “p30”) This antigen is injected into a rabbit. Produces polyclonal antibodies (e.g. “anti- p30”)

81. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 3: PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (aka “p30”) Place BOTH the antigen and antibodies into The two wells of a spot plate:

82. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 3: PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) (aka “p30”)

83. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 3:

84. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 3: Electrophoresis causes antigen and antibody to move towards each other.

85. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology FORENSIC COLLECTION OF SEMEN Test method 3: Then a precipitant is formed in the middle (represented by dashes). This is a positive test for p30 (& thus for semen)

86. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE

87. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE Absence of semen does not necessarily mean that no sexual assault occurred.

88. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE When a rape victim disrobes to submit evidence: a) stand on a clean bed sheet b) also stand on clean paper WHY?

89. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE When a rape victim disrobes to submit evidence: a) stand on a clean bed sheet b) also stand on clean paper WHY? A: to collect items of evidence that fall off during disrobing.

90. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE When a rape victim disrobes to submit evidence: a) stand on a clean bed sheet b) also stand on clean paper WHY? A: to collect items of evidence that fall off during disrobing. c) shoes off before stepping on paper

91. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE When a rape victim disrobes to submit evidence: Collect each disrobed item and bag separately (in paper bags) to avoid contamination

92. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE When a rape victim disrobes to submit evidence: Items with possible seminal stains must be handled with great care

93. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE When a rape victim disrobes to submit evidence: DNA evidence can be present in tiny amounts, even from the perspiration of the assailant. Thus examiner must wear gloves

94. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE When a rape victim disrobes to submit evidence: A physical exam must take place ASAP. A Rape Victim Collection Kit should be there as well. This includes everything from forms about the victims medical history to collection bags for evidence. (Pics on pp. 307-309 of textbook)

95. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE DNA testing The increase in the sensitivity of DNA testing has lead to use of DNA analysis in: a) Bite wounds on a victim b) Underwear of suspect

96. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE Vaginal contents are examined for evidence of sexual activity.

97. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE Vaginal contents are examined for evidence of sexual activity. Non motile sperm can remain alive and viable for up to 3 days.

98. IMMUNOASSY TECHNIQUES, ETC. Ch. 8 Serology COLLECTION OF RAPE EVIDENCE Buccal swabs will be collected for DNA analysis from: a) The suspect of the sexual assault b) Any with whom the victim may have had consensual intercourse within past 72 hr.