1. Slide 9.1 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Slide 9.1 Strategic Choices 9: Innovation and Entrepreneurship

2. Slide 9.2 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Learning outcomes (1) Identify and respond to key innovation dilemmas, such as the relative emphases to place on technologies or markets, product or process innovations and the broad business model. Anticipate and to some extent influence the diffusion (or spread) of innovations.

3. Slide 9.3 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Learning outcomes (2) Decide when being a first-mover or follower is most appropriate in innovation, and how an incumbent organisation should respond to innovative challengers. Anticipate key issues facing entrepreneurs as they go through the stages of growth, from start-up to exit. Evaluate opportunities and choices facing social entrepreneurs as they create new ventures to address social problems

4. Slide 9.4 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 The innovation–entrepreneurship framework Figure 9.1 The innovation–entrepreneurship framework

5. Slide 9.5 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Innovation Innovation involves the conversion of new knowledge into a new product, process or service and the putting of this new product, process or service into actual use.

6. Slide 9.6 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Innovation dilemmas (1) Technology push or market pull: Technology push is the view that it is the new knowledge created by technologists or scientists that pushes the innovation process. Market pull is the view that it is the pull of users in the market that is responsible for innovation. ‘Lead users’ are of particular importance.

7. Slide 9.7 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Product and process innovation Figure 9.2 Product and process innovation Source: Adapted from J. Abernathy and W. Utterback, ‘A dynamic model of process and product innovation’, Omega, vol. 3, no. 6 (1975), pp. 142–60

8. Slide 9.8 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Implications of product/ process innovation model New developing industries favour product innovation. Maturing industries favour process innovation. Small new entrants have greatest opportunities in early stages of an industry. Large incumbent firms have advantage in later stages.

9. Slide 9.9 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Innovation dilemmas (2) Product or process innovation: Product innovation relates to the final product (or service) to be sold, especially with regard to its features. Process innovation relates to the way in which a product is produced and distributed, especially with regard to improvements in cost or reliability.

10. Slide 9.10 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Innovation dilemmas (3) Open or closed innovation: ‘Closed’ innovation – the traditional approach to innovation relying on the organisation’s own internal resources – its own laboratories and marketing departments. Innovation is secretive, anxious to protect intellectual property and avoid competitors free-riding on ideas. ‘Open’ innovation involves the deliberate import and export of knowledge by an organisation in order to accelerate and enhance its innovation. Exchanging ideas openly is seen as likely to produce better products more quickly.

11. Slide 9.11 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Innovation dilemmas (4) The balance between open and closed innovation depends on: Competitive rivalry – if it is intense closed innovation is better. ‘One-shot’ or continuous innovation - open innovation is best where innovation is continuous. Tight-linked innovation – closed innovation is best in order to avoid inconsistent elements.

12. Slide 9.12 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Platform leadership Platform leadership refers to how large firms consciously nurture independent companies through successive waves of innovation around their basic technological ‘platform’.

13. Slide 9.13 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Innovation dilemmas (5) Technological or business-model innovation: A business model describes how an organisation manages incomes and costs through the structural arrangement of its activities. Business model innovation involves re- organising all the elements of a business into new combinations. This can involve innovation in:  The product. It may redefine what the product or service is and how it is produced.  The selling. It may change the way in which the organisation generates its revenues – its selling and distribution activities.

14. Slide 9.14 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Innovation diffusion Diffusion is the process by which innovations spread amongst users. This can vary with respect to both speed and extent.

15. Slide 9.15 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Supply side determinants of diffusion Degree of improvement Compatibility Complexity Experimentation Relationship management

16. Slide 9.16 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Demand side determinants of diffusion Market awareness Network effects Customer innovativeness

17. Slide 9.17 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 The diffusion S-curve Figure 9.3 The diffusion S-curve

18. Slide 9.18 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Decision points indicated by S-curve Timing of the tipping point Timing of the plateau Extent of diffusion Timing of the tripping point

19. Slide 9.19 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 A tipping point is where demand for a product or service suddenly takes off, with explosive growth. The tripping point is the opposite of the tipping point, when demand collapses – sometimes drastically but often more gradually. Decision points indicated by S-curve

20. Slide 9.20 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 What is a first-mover? First-mover advantage exists where an organisation is better off than its competitors as a result of being first to market with a new product, process, or service. However there are also some disadvantages.

21. Slide 9.21 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 First-mover advantages Experience curve benefits Scale benefits Pre-emption of scarce resources Reputation Buyer switching costs

22. Slide 9.22 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Late-mover advantages Free-riding – imitating pioneer’s strategies but more cheaply Learning – from the mistakes made by pioneers

23. Slide 9.23 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 First or second? Three contextual factors in choosing between innovating and imitating:  Capacity for profit capture  Complementary assets  Fast-moving arenas

24. Slide 9.24 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 What is a disruptive innovation? Disruptive innovation creates substantial growth by offering a new performance trajectory that, even if initially inferior to the performance of existing technologies, has the potential to become markedly superior.

25. Slide 9.25 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Disruptive innovation (1) Figure 9.4 Disruptive innovation Source: Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business School Press. From The Innovator’s Solution by C. Christensen and M.E. Raynor. Boston, MA 2003. Copyright © 2003 by the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved

26. Slide 9.26 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Disruptive innovation (2) Incumbents can follow two policies to help keep them responsive to potentially disruptive innovations:  Develop a portfolio of real options (limited investments that keep opportunities open for the future);  Develop new venture units – small, innovative businesses with relative autonomy.

27. Slide 9.27 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Portfolio of innovation options Figure 9.5 Portfolio of innovation options Source: Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business School Press. From The Entrepreneurial Mindset by I. MacMillan and R.G. McGrath. Boston, MA 2000, p. 176. Copyright © 2000 by the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved

28. Slide 9.28 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Stages of entrepreneurial growth Figure 9.6 Stages of entrepreneurial growth and typical challenges

29. Slide 9.29 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Entrepreneurial relationships Entrepreneurship often involves managing relationships with other companies:  Corporate venturing – investing externally in new ventures thereby protecting early-stage ventures from internal bureaucracy and by spreading risk.  Spin-offs (or spin-outs) – the generation of small innovative units from larger organisations.  Ecosystems – fostering communities of connected suppliers, agents, distributors, franchisees, technology entrepreneurs and makers of complementary products.

30. Slide 9.30 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Social entrepreneurship Social entrepreneurs are individuals and groups who create independent organisations to mobilise ideas and resources to address social problems, typically earning revenues but on a not-for-profit basis.

31. Slide 9.31 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Social entrepreneurship decisions Social mission Organisational form Business model

32. Slide 9.32 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Summary (1) Strategists face four fundamental dilemmas in innovation: the relative emphasis to put on technology push or market pull; whether to focus on product or process innovation; how much to rely on ‘open innovation’ and finally how far to concentrate on technological innovation as opposed to broader business-model innovation. Innovations often diffuse into the marketplace according to an S-curve model in which slow start-up is followed by accelerating growth (the tipping point) and finally a flattening of demand. Managers should watch out for ‘tripping points’. Managers must choose between being first into the marketplace and entering later. Innovators can capture first-mover advantages. However, ‘fast second’ strategies are often more attractive.

33. Slide 9.33 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9 th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Summary (2) Established incumbents’ businesses should beware disruptive innovations. Incumbents can stave off inertia by developing portfolios of real options and by organising autonomous new venture units. Entrepreneurs face characteristic dilemmas as their businesses go through the entrepreneurial life cycle of start-up, growth, maturity and exit. Entrepreneurs have to choose how they relate to large firms as they may become involved in ecosystems or strategies for open innovation. Social entrepreneurship offers a flexible way of addressing social problems, but raises issues about appropriate missions, organisational forms and business models.