1. TRANSLATION ETHICS More Than You See in the Codes

2. What is translation?

3. ETHICS Qualifications Confidentiality (consultation, use of information) Payment & references Nonsolicitation Continuing education Conflict of interest General moral behavior

4. ETHICS Subcontracting Deadlines Objectivity Responsibilities to other translators –Encouraging & assisting beginners –Refraining from unfair competition –Respect & support fellow professionals –Not working for substandard fees Disciplinary procedures

5. CODES Professional organizations Government organizations Some companies & agencies Scholars of Translation Studies

6. CODES AUSIT Code of Ethics –http://server.dream- fusion.net/ausit2/pics/ethics.pdfhttp://server.dream- fusion.net/ausit2/pics/ethics.pdf FIT The Translator’s Charter –http://www.fit-ift.org/en/charter.phphttp://www.fit-ift.org/en/charter.php

7. CODES United Nations Recommendation on the Legal Protection of Translators and Translations and the Practical Means To Improve the Status of Translators –http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=13089&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SE CTION=201.htmlhttp://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php- URL_ID=13089&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SE CTION=201.html

8. What do codes say about linguistic competence? Generally into A language Educated native speaker mastery of TL (ATA) Advanced & idiomatic command of languages concerned (IoL) Sound knowledge of SL, mastery of TL (FIT)

9. Translation in the Codes Translators shall not alter, make additions to, or omit anything from their assigned work (AUSIT) Translate the original message faithfully, to satisfy the needs of the end user(s) (ATA) Render a faithful translation of the source text (meaning & register) (IoL)

10. Translation in the Codes Provide translation of high quality both linguistically and stylistically Guarantee that translation is a faithful rendering of the original (UN)

11. Translation in the Codes Refuse to give text an interpretation of which he/she does not approve Translation to be faithful and render exactly the idea and form of the original Faithful translation should not be confused with a literal translation, cultural adaptation may be needed (FIT)

12. In Summary Faithful –Meaning, register, and form But not literal –Culturally appropriate –High quality linguistically/stylistically Satisfy needs of end users –But not to extent of reinterpreting –And no alterations, additions, or omissions

13. So what’s a translator to do? Skopos theory –Drop the idea of “fidelity” –Intended purpose of the target text determines translation methods/strategies –Goal is functionally appropriate target text –Gives the translator more freedom of action –Provides framework for educating clients

14. Choices on a Continuum Literal Free Semantic Dynamic Documentary Instrumental

15. HOWEVER Skopos theory depends on the translator receiving translation instructions with clear statement of purpose Assumes that translator is viewed as an independent expert May lead to ethically problematic situations

16. Subtitles for 2002 Documentary Jenin, Jenin Original: “What can I say, by God, by God, our home is no longer a home.” Translation: “What can I say? Not even Vietnam was as bad as this.” Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account Mona Baker, 2006: 99-100

17. Rules for the Rest of the Time Always work to create trust Bad translation is unethical translation Keep your source language grammar to yourself Know the linguistic resources available in your languages Be aware of various translation strategies

18. Create and Maintain Trust Cultivate a sense of loyalty to all parties –This includes readers Be aware that people are depending on you –Because they really are dependent Think of yourself as a professional –Remember, it always matters

19. Bad Translation is Unethical Translation “The nearest we get to non-text in actual life … is probably in the speech of young children and in bad translations.” (Halliday & Hasan) “But that’s what it says” is not a defense Not justifiable as fidelity to source text If a machine can do it, no one needs you

20. Keep Your Source Grammar to Yourself Resist pull of source language Does the text need to sound like a translation? Analyze the source text for text type and register Maintain type and register unless instructed otherwise

21. Know the Linguistic Resources Available How text types are structured –Infinitive to imperative, degree of formality, etc. Collocations –Restrictions on how words can be used together (e.g., verb + preposition patterns) –Text flow, marked and unmarked text

22. Know the Linguistic Resources Available Cohesion elements –Usually fairly explicit in English –Implicit in topic-prominent languages –Gender, grammatical elements Tolerance for repetition Punctuation and sentence length Sentence structure

23. Understand Translation Strategies Literal translation –Why not, when it works Transposition (changing the word class) –Languages like different parts of speech Modulation (different phrases to convey the same idea) –La vache qui rit –The cow that laughs cheese??

24. Understand Translation Strategies Reformulation –Idioms, advertising slogans Compensation Strategies from Fawcett, Translation and Language: Linguistic Theories Explained

25. Back to the Codes Ideal appears to be Nothing Added Nothing Subtracted (NANS) translation Easier said than done Make relevance a guiding principle My cousin invited me to dinner.

26. NANS Plus Nothing important to the task at hand added or subtracted No unnecessary elements of the source language included

27. Linguistic Knowledge Know working languages in a translation- appropriate way. Ability to analyze source language for grammatical, syntactical, and contextual elements and transfer these appropriately

28. Further Reading Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge. 1992. Chesterman, Andrew. Memes of Translation. Benjamins. 1997. Chesterman, Andrew and Emma Wagner. Can Theory Help Translators? St. Jerome. 2002. Fawcett, Peter. Translation and Language: Linguistic Theories Explained. St. Jerome. 1997. Gouadec, Daniel. Translation as a Profession. Benjamins. 2007. Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. St. Jerome. 1997 Pym, Anthony, ed. The Return to Ethics. Special issue of The Translator (Vol. 7, No. 2, 2001.)

29. Thank You