1. Painterly Rendering for Animation Barbara J. Meier Walt Disney Feature Animation SIGGRAPH 96

2. Introduction Motivation: render animations in a painterly style Goals –Eliminate “shower door” effect –Provide frame-to-frame coherence

3. Painting Concepts Character of brush strokes Creating areas of interest –Exaggerate lighting –Vary level of detail –Vary brush stroke size, texture and direction provide rhythm to direct the viewer’s eye Vary object edge definition

4. Painterly Rendering Concepts Stills should look like paintings –Details abstracted by shorthand strokes –Roundness conveyed by stroke direction –Color should break boundaries of the object Objects should not have “gift-wrapped” appearance Provide an energetic quality lacking in standard rendering

5. Related Work Paint by Numbers –Obtain images from a collection of brush strokes and get their position, color, size, and orientation from reference images Hairy Brushes –Models brush strokes with splines and accounts for trajectory of position and pressure, dip and composition of the brush [Haeberli 1990] [Strassman 1986]

6. Painterly Rendering for Animation To maintain frame-to-frame coherence, represent object surfaces with points and map strokes to these points

7. Painterly Rendering for Animation create particles to represent geometry for each frame of animation create reference pictures using geometry, surface attributes, and lighting transform particles based on animation parameters sort particles by distance from viewpoint for each particle, starting with furthest from viewpoint transform particle to screen space determine brush stroke attributes from reference pictures or particles and randomly perturb them based on user-selected parameters composite brush stroke into paint buffer end (for each particle) end (for each frame)

8. Generating Particles Start with parametric surface and n particles Tessellate to triangle mesh Distribute pn particles within each triangle Optional: store additional information with the particles such as color, size, and orientation Optional: perturb points by some function

9. Specifying and Applying Brush Attributes Each brush stroke must have an image, color, orientation, size, and position. Image: color image with alpha, typically uniform in all channels Orientation, size and color: obtained from attributes in particles or reference image

10. Reference Pictures Encode information about surface geometry and lighting Typically rendered images of particle set or geometry Color reference: smooth-shaded with lighting Orientation reference: normals encoded in color channels Size reference: scalar values linearly interpolated from user specified range

11. Overview

12. Animating Parameters and Randomness Randomness is important to achieve natural look in the painting Perturb stroke positions and orientations Image must maintain temporal coherence Solution: associate seed with particles

13. Results

14. Results

15. Results

16. Creative Techniques Render subsets of particles in layers –Rough underpainting with large strokes –Small strokes to convey detail –Layers of color to define form Use image processing to isolate highlights and shadows for separate layers Add several semi-transparent strokes to the same particle to achieve painterly look Render objects as separate layers

17. Creative Techniques Use one light source to maintain focus in the composition Use exaggerated hue and value variations to distinguish light and shadow area

18. Layering

19. Technical Considerations Use image processing techniques to “grow” out the object in the reference image to prevent looking up into unrendered or anti-aliased regions Blur orientation and size reference images slightly to prevent jittering from frame to frame Encode orientation in relation to the surface (u,v) position, not orientation after camera transformation

20. Technical Considerations Storing attributes in the particles prevents aliasing problems from looking up values in the reference images Back-facing particles must be rendered to prevent popping as orientation changes Particles are depth-sorted, so strokes will pop, but the effect can be minimized by careful selection of brush stroke size and transparency

21. Future Work Incorporate painterly rendering into traditional scenes Handle object size changes and deformation in an automated manner Better particle placement in relation to both geometry and screen space Implement longer, deformable brushes that can follow curves

22. Conclusion Brought together two previous rendering methods –Using reference images to define 2d brush stroke attributes –Using particles to define locations of brush strokes Solved two problems of previous painterly rendering techniques –Images are coherent over time –Brush strokes stick to geometric surfaces, not the view-plane