Operator Generic Fundamentals Plant Drawings

Operator Generic Fundamentals Plant Drawings

Plant Drawings Introduction
In this module, you will learn to read plant piping diagrams, electrical drawings, and logic diagrams Drawings convey how the plant is built and how it operates Can use this information to develop procedures, isolate components and diagnose unexpected occurrences INTRO

Terminal Objectives At the completion of this training session, the trainee will demonstrate mastery of this topic by passing a written exam with a grade of ≥ 80 percent on the following topics (TLOs): Given an engineering print, identify the information contained in the title block, the notes and legend, the revision block, and the drawing grid. Interpret facility engineering Piping and Instrumentation Drawings (P&IDs). Given a print, read and interpret facility electrical and electronic diagrams and schematics. Given a logic diagram, read and interpret the diagram. This is a foundation course, none of the objectives are developed to cover NRC KA objectives. INTRO

Engineering Drawings TLO 1 - Given an engineering print, identify the information contained in the title block, the notes and legend, the revision block, and the drawing grid. Operators must be able to find information in drawings quickly and accurately to perform their duties in plant operations In this section, you will learn Different types of drawings and projections Information contained in the different sections of the drawings TLO 1

Enabling Objectives for TLO 1
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to do the following: Describe the features typically found in engineering drawings, including: Title block Revision block Notes Legend Grid system Describe the method of presenting scale information on drawings. List the five drawing categories of engineering drawings. List the three standard types of engineering drawing formats. Describe the following types of engineering drawing projections: Orthographic Isometric TLO 1

Title Block ELO Describe the features typically found in engineering drawings, including: title block, revision block, notes, legend Usually located on bottom or lower right hand corner of drawing Divided into several areas Contains all information necessary to identify drawing and verify validity Figure: Title Block ELO 1.1

First Area of the Title Block
Contains drawing title, drawing number, lists location, site, vendor Drawing title and drawing number used for identification and filing Number is unique and comprised of code that contains information Site, system, type of drawing Sheet number, if drawing is part of series, revision level Drawings filed by drawing number Title may be common to several prints or series of prints Figure: First Area of Title Block ELO 1.1

Second Area of the Title Block
Contains signatures and approval dates When and by whom Component/system was designed Drawing was drafted and verified for final approval Valuable in locating further data on system/component design or operation Names can help resolve discrepancy between drawing and another information source Figure: Second Area of Title Block ELO 1.1

Third Area of the Title Block
Reference block Lists related drawings May list drawings cross- referenced on drawing Depending on site's or vendor's conventions Reference block can be helpful in tracking down additional information on system or component Figure: Title Block – Third Area ELO 1.1

Other Information Found in Title Block
Other information may also be contained in title block Will vary from site to site and vendor to vendor Examples: Contract numbers Drawing scale Figure: Title Block ELO 1.1

Grid System On large and complex drawings, finding specific point or piece of equipment can be difficult Especially if continued on second drawing Most drawings use grid system Especially Piping and Instrumentation Drawings (P&IDs) and electrical schematic drawings Grid can consist of letters, numbers, or both that run horizontally and vertically around drawing Like map, drawing divided into smaller blocks, each having unique two-letter or number identifier ELO 1.1

Figure: Drawing Grid System
For example, when pipe is continued from one drawing, second drawing referenced on first drawing as well as grid coordinates locating continued pipe Makes searching for pipe in particular block much easier than searching whole drawing Figure: Drawing Grid System ELO 1.1

Drawing Revision Two common methods Cloud drawn around change
Most recent change only Use circle or triangle with revision #, next to affected portion Indicates all revisions Figure: Drawing Changes ELO 1.1

Figure: Revision Block
Entry placed in revision block when revision is made providing Revision number, title or summary, and revision date Revision number may also appear at end of drawing number or in its own separate block Each time component or system modified, and drawing updated, revision number increased by one Revision number in revision block changed to indicate new revision number Old revisions of drawings will be filed and maintained in filing system for historical purposes Revision number and revision block are especially useful in researching evolution of specific system or component through comparison of various revisions Figure: Revision Block ELO 1.1

Figure: Notes and Legends
Lists and explains any special symbols and conventions used on drawing Also lists information designer or draftsman felt necessary to use or understand drawing Notes and legend section must be reviewed before reading drawing Figure: Notes and Legends ELO 1.1

Title Block Knowledge Check
Match the drawing section or attribute with the element it provides. Correct answers are 1-A, 2-C, 3-B. Section where drawing approvals are contained Title block A feature that helps locate a component on the drawing Revision block The section which provides information about whether the system has been changed and whether the latest information is included Grid system Correct answer 1-A, 2-C, 3-B ELO 1.1

Drawing Scale ELO Describe the method of presenting scale information on drawings. All drawings can be classified as either drawn to scale with scale or not drawn to scale Drawings without scale present only functional information about component or system Prints drawn to scale allow figures to be rendered accurately and precisely ELO 1.2

Drawing Scale Scale drawings allow large components and systems to be drawn in more convenient and readable size Small components can be scaled up, or enlarged, so that details can be seen Scale drawings usually present information used to fabricate or construct component or system Used to obtain information such as physical dimensions, tolerances, and materials to allow fabrication or construction Every dimension of a component or system does not have to be stated in writing on drawing, user can calculate ELO 1.2

Drawing Scale Scale of drawing usually presented as ratio: 3/8" = 1'
Read as 3/8 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 foot (on the actual component or system). This is called 3/8 scale. For example, if a component part measures 6/8 inch on the drawing, the actual component measures 2 feet. 1/2" = 1' Read as 1/2 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 foot (on the actual component or system). This is called 1/2 scale. For example, if a component part measures 1-1/2 inches on the drawing the actual component measures 3 feet Scale of drawing usually presented as ratio: 1" = 1 Read as 1 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 inch (on the actual component or system). This can also be stated as FULL SIZE in the scale block of the drawing. The measured distance on the drawing is the actual distance or size of the component ELO 1.2

Drawing Scale Knowledge Check
If a drawing includes a component that is 3 inches long on a ½’’ to 1’ scale, how large is the actual component? 3 inches 6 inches 3 feet 6 feet Correct answer is D. Correct answer is D. - 6 feet ELO 1.2

Categories of Drawings
ELO List the five drawing categories of engineering drawings. Five basic types of engineering drawings: Piping and instrumentation drawings (P&IDs) Electrical single lines and schematics Electronic diagrams and schematics Logic diagrams and prints Fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings ELO 1.3

Piping and Instrumentation Drawings (P&IDs)
P&IDs - present functional information about system or component Piping layout Flowpaths Pumps Valves Instruments Signal modifiers Controllers Figure: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) ELO 1.3

Piping and Instrumentation Drawings (P&IDs)
P&IDs do not usually have drawing scale Present only relationship or sequence between components Only shows information on how system functions Does not present actual physical relationships between components in system P&IDs provide most concise format for how system should function Used extensively in operation, repairs, and modifications ELO 1.3

Electrical Single Line Drawings
Present functional information about electrical design of system or component Same type of information about electrical systems that P&IDs provide for piping systems Like P&IDs, not usually drawn to scale Examples: Site or building power distribution System power distribution Motor control centers Figure: Single Line Electrical Diagram ELO 1.3

Electrical Schematics
Provide more detailed information than single lines Such as relays, relay contacts, fuses, motors, lights, and instrument sensors Examples of typical schematics: Valve actuating circuits Motor start circuits Breaker circuits ELO 1.3

Electrical Schematics
Figure is an example motor start circuit Electrical single lines and schematics provide most concise format for depicting how electrical systems function Used extensively in operation, repair, and modification of plant Figure 1-8 is an example of a motor start circuit schematic. Figure: Example Electrical Schematic ELO 1.3

Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
Electronic diagrams and schematics are designed to present information about individual components used in a circuit Such as resistors, transistors, and capacitors Used by circuit designers and electronics repair personnel Figure: Electronic Diagram ELO 1.3

Logic Diagrams Logic diagrams and prints depict several types of information Most commonly used to provide simplified functional representation of an electrical circuit Do not replace schematics, easier to use in certain applications Figure: Logic Print ELO 1.3

Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
Provide detailed information required to construct or fabricate part, system, or structure Three types of drawings differ in application as opposed to any real differences in drawings themselves Fabrication, construction, and architectural Fabrication drawings - similar to construction and architectural drawing Usually found in machine shops Provide necessary details for craftsman to fabricate parts Construction drawings - commonly referred to as blueprint drawings Present details required to assemble structure on site ELO 1.3

Architectural drawings - present information about conceptual design of building or structure House plans Building elevations (outside view of each side of structure) Equipment installation drawings Foundation drawings Equipment assembly drawings ELO 1.3

All three types of drawings, fabrication, construction, and architectural, are usually drawn to scale. Figure: Fabrication Drawing ELO 1.3

Categories of Drawings
Knowledge Check Which of the following types of engineering drawings are designed to present information about the individual components (resistors, transistors, and capacitors) used in an electrical circuit? Electronic diagram Electrical Single Line diagram Logic diagram Piping and Instrumentation diagram Correct answer is A. Correct answer is A. ELO 1.3

Drawing Formats ELO List the three standard types of engineering drawing formats. P&IDs, fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings can be presented using one of three standard formats: Single line Pictorial or double line Cutaway Each format provides specific information about component or system ELO 1.4

Figure: Single-Line Drawing
Single Line Drawings Single line format most commonly used in P&IDs Uses simple standard symbols Represents all piping, regardless of size, as a single line Clear picture of system equipment and instrumentation Figure: Single-Line Drawing ELO 1.4

Pictorial (Double Line) Drawings
Pictorial or double line drawings present same type of information as single line, but equipment is represented with actual shapes Rarely used since it requires more effort to produce than single line drawing Does not present more information as to how system functions Pictorial or double line drawings are often used in advertising and training material Figure: Pictorial Drawing ELO 1.4

Assembly Drawings Assembly drawings - special application of pictorial drawings Common in engineering field Assembly drawing is pictorial view of object with all components shown Found in vendor manuals Parts identification and general information relative to assembly of component Figure: Assembly Drawing ELO 1.4

Cutaway Drawings Another special type of pictorial drawing
Component or system has portion cut away to reveal internal parts of component or system Extremely helpful in maintenance and training where method of internal parts assembly is important Figure: Cutaway Drawing ELO 1.4

Drawing Formats Knowledge Check
Match the drawing format with the function it provides. Shows functional arrangement of a system Single line drawing Pictorial view of an object with all components shown as they go together Assembly drawing Component has a portion cut away to reveal the internal parts Cutaway drawing Correct answers are: 1-A, 2-B, 3-C Correct answers are 1-A, 2-B, 3-C. ELO 1.4

Drawing Projections ELO Describe the following types of engineering drawing projections: Orthographic Isometric In addition to different drawing formats, there are different views or perspectives in which formats can be drawn Most commonly used: Orthographic projection Isometric projection ELO 1.5

Orthographic Projections
Widely used for fabrication and construction drawings Present component or system in 3 views Top view Side view Front view Other views (bottom view) used to more fully depict component or system when necessary Figure: Orthographic Projection ELO 1.5

Orthographic Projection Views
Figure shows how each of 3 views obtained Orthographic projection is typically drawn to scale and shows all components in proper relationships to each other When provided with dimensions and drawing scale, contain information necessary to fabricate or construct component or system Figure: Orthographic Projections ELO 1.5

Isometric Projection Presents single view of component or system
View commonly from above and at an angle of 30° Provides more realistic three- dimensional view and parts relationship Not necessarily drawn to scale Figure: Isometric Projection ELO 1.5

Drawing Projections Knowledge Check
Which of the following types of engineering drawing projections present the system or component through the use of three separate views: front, side and top? Isometric projection Orthographic projection Multi-view projection Cutaway projection Correct answer is B. Correct answer is B. ELO 1.5

TLO 1 Summary The title block of a drawing contains: Drawing title
Drawing number Location, site, or vendor issuing the drawing Design, review, and approval signatures Reference block Grid system of a drawing allows information to be more easily identified using the coordinates provided by the grid. The coordinate letters and/or numbers break down the drawing into smaller blocks. Revision block of a drawing provides the revision number, a title or summary of the revision, and the date of the revision, for each revision. SUMMARY

TLO 1 Summary The notes and legend section of a drawing provides explanations of special symbols or conventions used on the drawing and additional information the designer or draftsman felt was necessary to understand the drawing. The five engineering drawing categories are: Piping and instrumentation drawings (P&IDs) Electrical single lines and schematics Electronic diagrams and schematics Logic diagrams and prints Fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings SUMMARY

TLO 1 Summary The standard drawing formats are: Single line
Pictorial or double line Cutaway Orthographic projections present the component or system through the use of three views Top view Side view Front view Other views, such as a bottom view, are used when necessary The isometric projection presents a single view of the component or system commonly from above and at an angle of 30° SUMMARY

TLO 1 Summary Now that you have completed this lesson, you should be able to: Describe the features typically found in engineering drawings, including: Title block Revision block Notes Legend Grid system Describe the method of presenting scale information on drawings. List the five drawing categories of engineering drawings. List the three standard types of engineering drawing formats. Describe the following types of engineering drawing projections: Orthographic Isometric SUMMARY

Interpret P&IDs TLO 2 - Interpret facility engineering Piping and Instrumentation Drawings (P&IDs). Operators must be able to find information in drawings quickly and accurately to perform their duties in plant operations This section discusses the common symbols that depict fluid system components Learn the meaning of symbols, to read and interpret them Symbols help to interpret most P&IDs Only representative of fluid system symbology, rather than being all- inclusive TLO 2

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to do the following: Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves and valve conditions: Globe valve Three-way valve Combination valves (3- or 4-way valve) Gate valve Four-way valve Ball valve Throttle (needle) valve Locked-closed valve Check valve Locked-open valve Stop check valve Pressure regulator Fail-open valve Butterfly valve Open valve Fail-closed valve Relief valve Closed valve Fail-as-is valve Rupture disk Throttled valve Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines: Process Inert gas Instrument capillary Pneumatic Instrument signal (electrical) Electrical Hydraulic TLO 2

Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basic types of instrumentation and the location (local, board-mounted) of the instrumentation: Differential pressure cell Temperature element Rotameter Conductivity or salinity cell Venturi Orifice Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of instrument signal controllers and modifiers: Proportional Proportional-integral-differential Proportional-integral Square root extractors TLO 2

Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of system components: Centrifugal pumps Heat exchangers Filters/strainers Positive displacement pumps Compressors Eductors Fans Ejectors Tanks Identify the symbols used on engineering fluid power drawings for the following components: Pump Actuators Valves Compressor Piping and piping junctions Reservoir Identify the types of fluid power diagrams. Given a fluid power type drawing, determine the operation or resultant action of the stated component when hydraulic pressure is applied or removed. TLO 2

Valve Symbols ELO Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves and valve conditions: Globe valve Gate valve Ball valve Check valve Stop check valve Butterfly valve Relief valve Rupture disk Three-way valve Four-way valve Throttle (needle) valve Pressure regulator Open valve Closed valve Throttled valve Combination valves (3- or 4-way valve) Locked-closed valve Locked-open valve Fail-open valve Fail-closed valve Fail-as-is valve Individuals must be familiar with the basic symbols, to read and understand engineering fluid diagrams and prints ELO 2.1

Valve Symbols Valves control direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids Globe and gate valves often depicted by same valve symbol Information concerning valve type may or may not be conveyed by component identification number or by notes and legend section of drawing Figure: Common Valve Symbols ELO 2.1

Standards and Conventions for Valve Status
To read and understood P&IDs, basic conventions used to denote valve positions and failure modes must be understood Reader must be able to: Determine valve position Know if this position is normal Know how valve will fail In some cases know if valve is normally locked in position ELO 2.1

Standards and Conventions for Valve Status
P&IDs usually indicate valves in their normal position Interpreted as normal or primary flowpath for system Safety systems are exception – normally shown in non-accident condition 3-way valves are sometimes drawn in fail position instead of being drawn in normal position Defined as standard by drawing system or noted on individual drawings Figure: Valve Status ELO 2.1

Valve Symbols Knowledge Check
Match the valve type with the appropriate drawing symbol. 1. Ball valve A. 2. Check valve B. 3. Globe valve C. 4. Relief valve D. Correct Answer: 1–C, 2–B, 3–A, 4-D Correct answer is: 1-C, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D ELO 2.1

Piping Systems ELO Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines: process, inert gas, instrument signal (electrical), pneumatic, instrument capillary, hydraulic, and electrical. Piping of single system may contain more than a single medium Main process flow line may carry water Associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid Fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires in addition to piping ELO 2.2

Figure: Piping Symbols
Piping Systems Figure shows commonly used symbols indicating medium carried by piping and instrumentation signals, and electrical wires Auxiliary piping symbols identify their mediums, process flow line does not identify its medium Figure: Piping Symbols ELO 2.2

Figure: Pipe Fitting Symbols
Piping Systems Diagram may also depict individual fittings comprising piping runs, depending on its intended use. Figure: Pipe Fitting Symbols ELO 2.2

Piping Systems Knowledge Check
Match the type of piping with the appropriate symbol. 1. Air line A. 2. Hydraulic line B. 3. Instrument sensing line C. 4. Instrument signal D. Correct answer is: 1-A, 2-D, 3-B, 4-C Correct answer is: 1-A, 2-D, 3-B, 4-C ELO 2.2

Sensing Devices and Detectors
ELO Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basic types of instrumentation and the location (local, board- mounted) of the instrumentation: differential pressure cell, venturi, rotameter, temperature element, orifice, conductivity or salinity cell. System parameters are monitored for indication and/or control Sensing device used to create a usable signal Device may create special conditions so that another device can supply necessary measurement Device location is identified as local or board-mounted ELO 2.3

Figure shows symbols used for common sensors and detectors If instrument is board- mounted, it will have a line thru center of indicator; example: Figure: Detectors and Sensing Devices ELO 2.3

Knowledge Check What type of instrument is indicated by the following symbol? Rotameter Salinity cell Differential pressure cell Strain gauge Correct answer is: C Correct answer is C. ELO 2.3

Signal Conditioners ELO Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of instrument signal controllers and modifiers: Proportional Proportional-integral Proportional-integral-differential Square root extractors System parameters are monitored for indication and/or control A main purpose of a P&ID is to provide functional information about instrumentation interfaces ELO 2.4

Signal Conditioners Some controllers process a signal and create new signal These controllers are also called signal conditioners Large amount of the symbology on P&IDs depicts instrumentation and how signal may change depending on: How sensing device operates What type of signal is required ELO 2.4

Instrument Symbology Four categories of symbols used to represent instruments and their loops Each category uses the component identifying (labeling) scheme identified in table Instrument identifier comprises letters from two or three of the first three columns Indicates its sensed parameter, the function of the instrument, and type of instrument A letter from the fourth column is added only for an instrument modifier and indicates type of signal being modified ELO 2.4

Instrument Symbology Sensed Parameter Type of Controller or Indicator
Type of Component Type of Signal F = Flow R = Recorder T = Transmitter I = Current T = Temperature I = Indicator M = Modifier V = Voltage P = Pressure C = Controller E = Element P = Pneumatic L = Level Z = Position ELO 2.4

Instrument Identifiers
The following is a list of example instrument identifiers constructed from the table on the previous slide: FIC = flow indicating controller TT = temperature transmitter FM = flow modifier PT = pressure transmitter PM = pressure modifier FE = flow element TE = temperature element FI = flow indicator TR = temperature recorder TI = temperature indicator LIC = level indicating controller FC = flow controller ELO 2.4

Figure: Signal Conditioners
There are controllers designed to process a signal and create a different type of signal, includes Proportional controllers Proportional-integral controllers Proportional-integral- differential controllers The figure shows the symbols for these controllers, known as signal conditioners Figure: Signal Conditioners ELO 2.4

Simple Instrument Loop
Temperature transmitter (TT) - generates two electrical signals One signal goes to board- mounted temperature recorder (TR) for display Second signal is sent to PID controller Output of PID controller sent to current-to-pneumatic modifier (I/P) In I/P modifier, electric signal converted into pneumatic signal which in turn operates valve Figure: Instrumentation System ELO 2.4

Function of complete loop is to modify flow based on process fluid temperature Not enough information to determine how flow and temperature are related and what setpoint is In some instances setpoint is stated on P&ID Knowing setpoint and purpose of system will usually be sufficient to allow operation of instrument loop to be determined Figure: Instrumentation System ELO 2.4

Pneumatic level transmitter (LT) - senses tank level Output of level transmitter is pneumatic Routed to board-mounted level modifier (LM) LM conditions signal (possibly boosts or mathematically modifies signal) and uses modified signal for two purposes Figure: Instrument System Two ELO 2.4

LM uses modified signal for two purposes: Modifier drives board- mounted recorder (LR) for indication Sends modified pneumatic signal to diaphragm- operated level control valve Insufficient information exists to determine relationship between sensed tank level and valve operation Figure: Instrument System Two ELO 2.4

Signal Conditioners Knowledge Check
Match the sensing device with the appropriate designator. 1. Pressure indicator A. ZI 2. Temperature transmitter B. PI 3. Flow indicating controller C. TT 4. Position indicator D. FIC Correct answer is: 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A Correct answers are 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A. ELO 2.4

Signal Conditioners Knowledge Check
How is a signal conditioner noted on a typical P&ID engineering drawing? By placing a “C” in the balloon along with the letter indicating the controlling parameter By the component that it is associated with By placing an “SC” in the balloon By the unique shape of the symbol Correct answer is A. Correct answer is: A ELO 2.4

System Component Symbols
ELO Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of system components: Centrifugal pumps Positive displacement pumps Heat exchangers Compressors Fans Tanks Filters/strainers Eductors Ejectors Within every fluid system, there are major components such as pumps, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans, that are consistently displayed on the P&ID. ELO 2.5

Figure shows engineering symbols for most common major components Figure: Major Mechanical Component Symbols

Miscellaneous P&ID Symbols
In addition to normal symbols used on P&IDs to represent specific pieces of equipment, miscellaneous symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about drawing Figure 2-17 lists and explains four of the more common miscellaneous symbols. Figure: Miscellaneous Descriptive Symbols ELO 2.5

Knowledge Check Which of the following symbols depicts a centrifugal pump? Correct answer is A. Correct answer is: A ELO 2.5

Fluid Power Drawings ELO Identify the symbols used on engineering fluid power drawings for the following components: Pump Actuators Compressor Piping and piping junctions Reservoir Valves Different symbology used with systems that operate with fluid power Includes either gas (such as air) or hydraulic (such as water or oil) motive media Some symbols used in fluid power systems are same or similar to those already discussed, but many are entirely different ELO 2.6

Fluid Power P&IDs Fluid power systems are generally divided into five basic parts: Pumps Reservoirs Actuators Valves Lines Two categories of pump symbols, depending on motive media used: Hydraulic Pneumatic ELO 2.6

Pumps Basic symbol for pump is circle containing one or more arrow heads indicating the direction(s) of flow with points of arrows in contact with circle Hydraulic pumps are shown by solid arrow heads Pneumatic compressors are represented by hollow arrow heads Figure: Fluid Power Pump and Compressor Symbols ELO 2.6

Figure: Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols
Reservoirs provide location for storage of motive media Symbols vary widely Certain conventions indicate how reservoir handles fluid Pneumatic reservoirs are usually simple tanks Symbology is usually some variation of cylinder Hydraulic reservoirs can be much more complex in terms of how fluid is admitted to and removed from tank Figure: Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols ELO 2.6

Actuators Actuator in fluid power system is any device that converts hydraulic or pneumatic pressure into mechanical work Actuators are classified as Linear actuators Rotary actuators ELO 2.6

Figure: Linear Actuators
Linear actuators have some form of piston device Figure: Linear Actuators ELO 2.6

Figure: Rotary Actuators
Rotary actuators - generally called motors and may be fixed or variable Similar to pump symbols Difference between them is that point of arrow touches circle in pump and tail of arrow touches circle in a motor Figure: Rotary Actuators ELO 2.6

Figure: Fluid Power Line Symbols
Piping Sole purpose of piping in fluid power system is to transport working media, at pressure, from one point to another Figure: Fluid Power Line Symbols ELO 2.6

Valves Valves are most complicated symbols in fluid power systems
Due to complicated valving used in fluid power systems Require more complex valve symbology than standard P&IDs Special valve symbology was developed for fluid power P&IDs Provide control required to ensure that motive media is routed to correct point when needed In typical P&ID, valve opens, closes, or throttles process fluid Rarely required to route process fluid in any complex manner In fluid power systems it is common for valve to have three to eight pipes attached to valve body Valve is capable of routing fluid, or several separate fluids, in any number of combinations of input and output flow paths ELO 2.6

Figure: Valve Operation
Valves Cutaway view, provides example of internal complexity of simple fluid power type valve Figure shows four-way/three-position valve and how it operates Operator of valve is not identified, could be operated by diaphragm, motor, hydraulic, solenoid, or manual operator Figure: Valve Operation ELO 2.6

Valve Operation Fluid power valves, when electrically operated by solenoid, are drawn in de-energized position Energizing solenoid will cause valve to shift to other port If valve is operated by other than solenoid or is multi-port valve, information necessary to determine how valve operates will be provided on each drawing or on its accompanying legend print ELO 2.6

Figure: Valve Symbol Development
Valve Operation Figure shows how valve previously shown is transformed into usable symbol Figure: Valve Symbol Development ELO 2.6

Fluid Power Valve Symbols
Figure: Fluid Power Valve Symbols ELO 2.6

Fluid Power Valves Knowledge Check A.
Which of the following symbols indicates a pneumatic compressor? Correct answer is B. A. B. C. D. Correct answer is: B ELO 2.6

Fluid Power Diagrams ELO Identify the types of fluid power diagrams. Several kinds of diagrams can be used to show how systems work: Pictorial diagram Cutaway diagram Schematic diagram ELO 2.7

Figure: Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram
Pictorial Diagram Pictorial diagram - shows physical arrangement of elements in system Components are outline drawings that show external shape of each item Pictorial drawings do not show internal function of elements Not especially valuable for maintenance or troubleshooting Figure: Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram ELO 2.7

Figure: Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram
Cutaway Diagram Cutaway diagram - shows both physical arrangement and operation of different components Generally used for instructional purposes Explains functions while showing how the system is arranged Require a lot of space ⇒ not usually used for complicated systems Figure: Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram Figure shows the system represented in Figure 2-29 in cutaway diagram format and illustrates the similarities and differences between the two types of diagrams. ELO 2.7

Figure: Schematic Fluid Power Diagram
Schematic Diagram Schematic diagram - uses symbols to show elements in a system Designed to supply functional information of system Do not accurately represent relative location of components Useful in maintenance work, and troubleshooting Figure: Schematic Fluid Power Diagram This is a schematic diagram of the system illustrated in the previous two slides. ELO 2.7

Fluid Power Diagrams Knowledge Check
Which type of drawing supplies functional information of the system? Fluid power diagram Pictorial diagram Cutaway diagram Schematic diagram Correct answer is D. Correct answer is: D ELO 2.7

Reading Fluid Power Diagrams
ELO Given a fluid power type drawing, determine the operation or resultant action of the stated component when hydraulic pressure is applied or removed. Consider the component parts of simple hydraulic power system shown in figure The next slide shows the progression to fluid power drawing Figure: Simple Hydraulic Power System ELO 2.8

Left portion of figure lists each part and its fluid power symbol for figure on previous slide Right side of figure shows fluid power diagram that represents drawing on previous slide Figure: Line Diagram of Simple Hydraulic Power System ELO 2.8

Reading Fluid Power Diagrams Example
With understanding of principles you can interpret any fluid power diagram Figure shows kind of diagram likely to be encountered in engineering field First step is to get overall view of what is happening Arrows between A and B indicate that system is designed to press or clamp some type of part between two sections Figure: Typical Fluid Power Diagram ELO 2.8

Area 1 shows symbol for an open reservoir with strainer Strainer used to clean oil before it enters system Area 2 shows fixed displacement pump, which is electrically operated Pump provides hydraulic pressure to the system Figure: Typical Fluid Power Diagram ELO 2.8

Area 3 shows symbol for relief valve & pressure gage Relief valve is spring operated, protects system from over- pressurization Acts as unloader valve to relieve pressure when cylinder is not in operation When system pressure exceeds setpoint, valve opens and returns hydraulic fluid back to reservoir Figure: Typical Fluid Power Diagram ELO 2.8

Area 4 shows composite symbol for 4-way, 2-position valve PB-1 activates valve S-1 Valve shown de-energized High pressure hydraulic fluid is routed from port 1 to port 3 and to bottom of piston A Drives and holds piston in retracted position Figure: Typical Fluid Power Diagram ELO 2.8

When piston fully retracted and hydraulic pressure builds, (relief valve in area 3) valve will lift and maintain system pressure at setpoint Figure: Typical Fluid Power Diagram ELO 2.8

When PB-1 pushed and S-1 energized, 1-2 ports and 3-4 ports are aligned Hydraulic fluid enters top chamber of piston Fluid in bottom chamber drains though 3-4 ports into reservoir Piston continues to travel down until PB-1 is released or full travel reached Unloader (relief) valve lifts Figure: Typical Fluid Power Diagram ELO 2.8

Area 5 shows actuating cylinder and piston Cylinder designed to receive fluid in either upper or lower chambers When pressure applied to top or bottom chamber of piston, oil on other side drains back to reservoir Figure: Typical Fluid Power Diagram ELO 2.8

Knowledge Check In the fluid power drawing shown at right, what must happen to cause the piston to move to the extended position? The solenoid must energize and position the 4-way valve such that Ports 1 and 2 are aligned and Ports 3 and 4 are aligned The solenoid must energize and position the 4-way valve such that Ports 1 and 3 are aligned and Ports 2 and 4 are aligned. The solenoid must de-energize and position the 4-way valve such that Ports 1 and 3 are aligned and Ports 2 and 4 are aligned. The solenoid must de-energize and position the 4-way valve such that Ports 1 and 2 are aligned and Ports 3 and 4 are aligned. Answer: B Figure: Typical Fluid Power Diagram Correct answer is B. ELO 2.8

TLO 2 Summary The common symbols found on P&IDs for valves, valve operators, process piping, instrumentation, and common system components were reviewed. The basic symbology, common standards, and conventions used on P&IDs, such as valve conditions and modes of failure were reviewed. Most commonly used symbols on fluid power diagrams and the basic standards and conventions for reading and interpreting fluid power diagrams were also reviewed. SUMMARY

TLO 2 Summary Now that you have completed this lesson, you should be able to: Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves and valve conditions: Globe valve Three-way valve Combination valves (3- or 4-way valve) Gate valve Four-way valve Ball valve Throttle (needle) valve Locked-closed valve Check valve Locked-open valve Stop check valve Pressure regulator Fail-open valve Butterfly valve Open valve Fail-closed valve Relief valve Closed valve Fail-as-is valve Rupture disk Throttled valve Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines: Process Inert gas Instrument capillary Pneumatic Instrument signal (electrical) Electrical Hydraulic SUMMARY

TLO 2 Summary Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basic types of instrumentation and the location (local, board-mounted) of the instrumentation: Differential pressure cell Temperature element Rotameter Conductivity or salinity cell Venturi Orifice Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of instrument signal controllers and modifiers: Proportional Proportional-integral-differential Proportional-integral Square root extractors SUMMARY

TLO 2 Summary Identify the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of system components: Centrifugal pumps Heat exchangers Filters/strainers Positive displacement pumps Compressors Eductors Fans Ejectors Tanks Identify the symbols used on engineering fluid power drawings for the following components: Pump Actuators Valves Compressor Piping and piping junctions Reservoir Identify the types of fluid power diagrams. Given a fluid power type drawing, determine the operation or resultant action of the stated component when hydraulic pressure is applied or removed. SUMMARY

Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
TLO 3 - Given a print, read and interpret facility electrical and electronic diagrams and schematics. Operators must be able to find information in drawings quickly and accurately to perform their duties in plant operations In this section, you will learn the different types of drawings and projections, and the information contained in the different sections of the drawings TLO 3

Identify the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings for the following components: Single-phase circuit breaker Current transformer Multiple-position switch Three-phase circuit breaker Single-phase transformer Pushbutton switch Limit switches Thermal overload Delta-wound transformer Turbine-driven generator "a" contact Wye-wound transformer "b" contact Motor-generator set Time-delay contacts Electric motor Generator (wye or delta) Meters Relay Junctions Diesel-driven generator Potential transformer In-line fuses Battery Single switch TLO 3

Describe how the direction of current flow is shown by the transformer's symbol. Identify the types of electrical diagrams and their uses. Identify the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electrical drawings to depict the relationship between the following components: Relay and its contacts Switch and its contacts Interlocking device and its interlocked equipment State the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unless otherwise noted on the diagram or schematic. TLO 3

Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, determine the condition of the specified component (i.e., energized/de-energized, open/closed). Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, identify the power sources and/or loads and their status (i.e., energized or de-energized). Identify the symbols used on engineering electronic block diagrams, prints, and schematics. State the purpose of a block diagram and an electronic schematic diagram. TLO 3

Electrical Drawings ELO Identify the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings for the following components: Single-phase circuit breaker Three-phase circuit breaker Thermal overload "a" contact "b" contact Time-delay contacts Potential transformer Single-phase transformer Delta-wound transformer Wye-wound transformer Electric motor Meters In-line fuses Single switch Multiple- position switch Pushbutton switch Turbine-driven generator Motor-generator set Generator (wye or delta) Diesel-driven generator Battery Limit switches Current transformer Junctions Relay ELO 3.1

Electrical Drawings To read and interpret electrical diagrams and schematics, basic symbols and conventions used in drawing must be understood This presentation concentrates on how electrical components are represented on diagrams and schematics ELO 3.1

Transformers In single line diagrams, transformers often represented by symbol for single-phase air core transformer Does not necessarily mean that transformer has air core or that it is single-phase Single line system diagrams are intended to convey only general functional information, similar to P&ID Reader must investigate further if more detail is required In diagrams depicting three-phase systems, small symbol may be placed to side of transformer primary and secondary to indicate type of transformer windings that are used ELO 3.1

Figure: Three-Phase Symbols
Transformers Figure A shows most commonly used symbols to indicate how phases are connected in three-phase windings Figure B illustrates examples of how these symbols appear in three- phase single line diagram Figure: Three-Phase Symbols ELO 3.1

Figure: Switches and Switch Symbols
Throw refers to number of circuits that each pole of switch can complete or control Figure: Switches and Switch Symbols ELO 3.1

Figure: Switch and Switch Status Symbology
Switches Common symbols used to denote Automatic switches How symbol indicates switch status or actuation Figure: Switch and Switch Status Symbology ELO 3.1

Single-Phase Fuses, Switches and Breakers
Figure shows basic fuse and circuit breaker symbols for single-phase applications In addition to graphic symbol, most drawings also provide rating of fuse next to symbol Rating usually given in amps Figure: Fuse and Circuit Breaker Symbols ELO 3.1

Three-Phase Fuses, Switches and Breakers
When fuses, breakers, or switches are used in three-phase systems, three-phase symbol combines single-phase symbol in triplicate Symbol for removable breaker - standard breaker symbol placed between set of chevrons Chevrons represent point at which breaker disconnects from circuit when removed Figure: Three-Phase and Removable Breaker Symbols ELO 3.1

Common Electrical Component Symbols
Figure: Common Electrical Component Symbols ELO 3.1

Figure: Common Large Electrical Components
Large Components Figure shows symbols used to identify larger components in an electrical diagram or schematic Detail used will vary when used in system diagrams Usually reflects relative importance of component to particular diagram Figure: Common Large Electrical Components ELO 3.1

Electrical Drawing Symbols
Knowledge Check What electrical component does the following symbol represent? Three-phase non-removable circuit breaker Three-phase removable circuit breaker Three-phase circuit fuses Three-phase removable electrical contactor Correct answer is: B Correct answer is B. ELO 3.1

Electrical Symbology – Transformer Polarity
ELO Describe how the direction of current flow is shown by the transformer's symbol. Polarity marks are sometimes used to indicate current flow in circuit Used to determine phase relationship (polarity) between input and output terminals of transformer Marks usually appear as dots on transformer symbol Figure: Transformer Polarity ELO 3.2

On primary side of transformer dot indicates current in On secondary side dot indicates current out If current is flowing into transformer at dotted end of primary coil, it will be flowing out of transformer at dotted end of the secondary coil Figure: Transformer Polarity ELO 3.2

Knowledge Check Using the “dot convention” associated with transformers, when the current is flowing into the dot on the primary winding of the transformer shown below, what is happening to the current on the secondary winding? Current is flowing into the dot on the secondary winding. Current is flowing out of the dot on the secondary winding. Current is being stepped up. Current is being stepped down. Correct answer is: B Correct answer is B. ELO 3.2

Types of Electrical Diagrams or Schematics
ELO Identify the types of electrical diagrams and their uses. There are three ways to show electrical circuits Wiring diagrams Schematics Pictorial diagrams ELO 3.3

Wiring and Schematic Diagrams
Two most commonly used electrical drawings are wiring diagrams and schematic diagrams Figure – Comparison Between Wiring and Schematic Diagrams ELO 3.3

In figure below, Figure “A” shows schematic for motor circuit Figure “B” shows wiring diagram that illustrates specifically how motor circuit and its individual components connect to perform exact functions that they provide Figure: Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Wiring Diagram ELO 3.3

Electrical circuit of automobile, shown in wiring diagram format and in schematic format Figure: Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit Figure: Schematic of a Car’s Electrical System ELO 3.3

Wiring diagram uses both pictorial representations and schematic symbols Figure: Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit Figure: Schematic of a Car’s Electrical System ELO 3.3

Schematic drops all pictorial representations and depicts the electrical system only in symbols Figure: Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit Figure: Schematic of a Car’s Electrical System ELO 3.3

Figure: Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Pictorial Diagram
Pictorial diagram - usually not found in engineering applications Pictorial version not nearly as useful as schematic, especially when trying to obtain enough information to repair circuit or determine how it operates Figure: Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Pictorial Diagram ELO 3.3

Electrical Single Line Diagrams
Electrical single line – special type of schematic diagram used to show all or part of system Used when dealing with large electrical power distribution system Depicts major power sources, breakers, loads, and protective devices Providing useful overall view of flow of power On power distribution single lines, even in a 3-phase system, each load is commonly represented by simple circle with description of load and power rating (running power consumption) Unless otherwise stated, common units are kilowatts (kW) ELO 3.3

Example Single Line Diagram
Figure: Example Single Line Diagram ELO 3.3

Types of Electrical Diagrams or Schematics
Knowledge Check Which of the following is one method of showing an electrical circuit? P&ID Fluid power diagram Schematic diagram Fab drawing Correct answer is: C Correct answer is C. ELO 3.3

Relay, Switches, and Interlocks Symbols
ELO Identify the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electrical drawings to depict the relationship between the following components: relay and its contacts, switch and its contacts, and interlocking device and its interlocked equipment. To read electrical system diagrams and schematics properly, condition or state of each component must first be understood For electrical schematics that detail individual relays and contacts, components are always shown in de-energized condition Also called “shelf-state” ELO 3.4

Relays and Relay Contacts
To associate proper relay with contact(s) it operates, each relay assigned specific number and/or letter combination Number/letter code for each relay carried by all associated contacts Figure shows simple schematic containing coil (M1) and its contact Figure: Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts ELO 3.4

If space permits, relationship may be emphasized by drawing dashed line (symbolizing mechanical connection) between relay and contact(s) or dashed box around them (B) Part (C) of figure illustrates switch and second set of contacts operated by switch Figure: Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts ELO 3.4

Figure: Ganged Switch Terminology
Switches When switch used in circuit, it may contain several sets of contacts or small switches internal to it Internal switches are shown individually on schematic In many cases, position of one internal switch will effect position of another Figure: Ganged Switch Terminology ELO 3.4

Figure: Ganged Switch Terminology
Switches Such switches are called ganged switches and are symbolized by connecting them with dashed line Closing switch 1 also closes switch 2 Dashed line also used to indicate mechanical interlock between two circuit components Figure B shows two breakers with interlock between them Figure: Ganged Switch Terminology ELO 3.4

Reading Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Knowledge Check What type of switch is indicated by the electrical symbol shown below? Normally open, pushbutton switch Normally closed, pushbutton switch Normally open, single pole, single throw switch Normally closed, single pole, single throw switch Correct answer is: A Correct answer is A. ELO 3.4

Electrical Device Conditions
ELO State the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unless otherwise noted on the diagram or schematic. Condition or state of each component in needed to read electrical system diagrams and schematics properly Electrical schematics that include individual relays and contacts always show such components in de-energized condition Also called shelf-state ELO 3.5

The figure below shows examples of different contacts and relays in de-energized states Figure: Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts ELO 3.5

Electrical Device Conditions
Knowledge Check An electrical drawing shows electrical devices in the ___________ condition. energized de-energized open closed Correct answer is B. Correct answer is: B ELO 3.5

Reading Electrical Diagram Condition
ELO Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, determine the condition of the specified component (i.e., energized/de- energized, open/closed). Recall that all electrical schematics that detail individual relays and contacts always show components in de-energized condition, may be called shelf-state ELO 3.6

Figure shown below, the M1 relay operated associated contacts in the pilot circuit Diagram shows all of the contacts de-energized The current path through M1 begins by closing the START switch, energizing the relay, and operating (closing) the sealing M1 contact in the pilot circuit that maintains power to the relay upon releasing the start switch Operating the STOP switch de-energizes the relay by breaking the current path Figure: Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts ELO 3.6

Reading Electrical Diagram Condition Example
Refer to the figure at right. In schematic shown, if operator presses either of the START pushbuttons, the motor starts, energizing "MX" contactor. Upon energizing "MX" contactor, the "Ma" contact closes, maintaining the contactor energized. By pressing either of the STOP pushbuttons, the operator removes power to the "MX" contactor. Figure – Electrical Diagram Example ELO 3.6

Knowledge Check In the electrical schematic shown here, what happens to the RUN and OFF lights when the START pushbutton is pressed? When the START pushbutton is pressed, the “MX” contactor is de-energized. The “MX” contactor opens its “Ma” contacts and closes its “Mb” contacts. The RUN light is extinguished and the OFF light is energized. When the START pushbutton is pressed, the “MX” contactor is energized. The “MX” contactor closes its “Ma” contacts and opens its “Mb” contacts. The RUN light is energized and the OFF light is extinguished. When the START pushbutton is pressed, the “MX” contactor is energized. The “MX” contactor closes its “Mb” contacts and opens its “Ma” contacts. The RUN light is energized and the OFF light is extinguished. When the START pushbutton is pressed, the “MX” contactor is de-energized. The “MX” contactor closes its “Ma” contacts and opens its “Mb” contacts. The RUN light is energized and the OFF light is extinguished. Correct answer is: B Correct answer is: B ELO 3.6

Power Source and Load Status
ELO Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, identify the power sources and/or loads and their status (i.e., energized or de-energized). Recall that all electrical schematics that detail individual relays and contacts always show these components in the de-energized condition ELO 3.7

Power Source and Load Status Guidelines
Figure shows a 240-volt AC power source supplying power to a circuit Note that once power crosses circuit breaker and protective device, it supplies a transformer that steps down voltage to 120 VAC to power pilot circuit No additional power sources, but there are several additional circuit protective devices Enhances protection for motor and other possible downstream loads Figure: Identifying Power Sources ELO 3.7

Power Source and Load Status
Knowledge Check In the electrical schematic shown here, what is the source of power for the “M1” relay? The “M1” relay is powered from the 240 V source by a 240 V/120 V step-down transformer. The “M1” relay is powered directly from the 240 V source via two circuit breakers. The “M1” relay is powered from a separate 120 V source via fuses. The “M1” relay is powered from the 120 V source by a 120 V/120 V isolation transformer. Correct answer is: A Correct answer is A. ELO 3.7

Electronic Drawings and Schematics Symbols
ELO Identify the symbols used on engineering electronic block diagrams, prints, and schematics. Electronic drawings and electronic schematics provide most detailed information about a circuit Depict each component in a given circuit, in most cases provide ratings or other applicable information Provide information required to troubleshoot the electronic circuit Most difficult type of drawings to read Require a very high level of knowledge with respect to how each electronic component affects, or is affected by, electrical current ELO 3.8

The figure below shows examples of many common electronic symbols used in drawings and schematics Figure: Electronic Symbols ELO 3.8

Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in electrical circuit, no matter how small Schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow of the circuit Enable the operation of a piece of electronic equipment to be determined Electronic schematics more difficult to read than electrical schematics, especially when solid-state devices are used ELO 3.8

The figure below shows additional examples of those solid-state device symbols Figure: More Electronic Symbols ELO 3.8

Electronic Block Diagrams
Some electronics drawings do not show detail depicting individual resistors and capacitors Electronic block diagrams provide means of representing electronic circuits or systems in a simple graphic format Present flow or functional information about circuit or system Do not present detailed component data To show details about a block-represented system, designers may show detailed component data on another drawing ELO 3.8

When designers use block diagrams, basic blocks shown can represent almost anything Notes inside the block describe what the block represents Figure below shows component block examples Figure: Block Diagrams - Component Blocks ELO 3.8

Knowledge Check What electronic component is represented by the following symbol? Diode Light emitting diode Silicon controlled rectifier Zener diode Correct answer is B. Correct answer is: B ELO 3.8

Purpose of Electronic Schematic and Block Diagrams
ELO State the purpose of a block diagram and an electronic schematic diagram. Electronic prints fall into two basic categories, electronic schematics and block diagrams To read and understand an electronic diagram or electronic schematic, personnel must understand basic symbols and conventions Electronic schematics – most detailed category of electronic drawings Depict every component in a circuit Component's technical information (such as ratings) How each component is wired into circuit ELO 3.9

Electronic Schematic Diagrams
Figure below is an example of typical electronic schematic diagram Figure: Example of an Electronic Schematic Diagram ELO 3.9

Purpose of block diagram: Help present or summarize process flow Provide functional information Show complex instrument channels and other complex systems when only the flowpath of signal is important The block diagram is the most basic and easiest to understand of all types of engineering drawings Consists of simple blocks and each block includes its function within the block ELO 3.9

Each block represents a stage in development of signal displayed on the gage at the bottom, or sent to systems outside bounds of the drawing Not all blocks are equal; some represent multiple functions Other blocks represent only simple stage or single bistable circuit in larger component Figure: Example Block Diagram ELO 3.9

Purpose of Electronic Schematic and Block Diagrams
Knowledge Check What is the purpose of an electronic schematic diagram? Shows a block representation of the functions of each portion of an electronic circuit Shows the scale of the components associated with an electronic circuit Shows the placement of the components associated with an electronic circuit Shows the function and flow for the components associated with an electronic circuit Correct answer is D. Correct answer is: D ELO 3.9

TLO 3 Summary Polarity on a transformer is defined by dots placed on the primary and secondary windings. On the primary side, the dot indicates current in; on the secondary, the dot indicates current out. Switches, relays, and interlocked equipment commonly use dashed lines or boxes to indicate the relationship between them and other components. Electrical components, such as relays, are drawn in the de-energized state unless otherwise noted on the diagram. Review the objectives and conduct directed questioning to assure comprehension; review topic for any areas where retention needs improvement. SUMMARY

TLO 3 Summary Now that you have completed this section, you should be able to: Identify the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings for the following components: Single-phase circuit breaker Current transformer Multiple-position switch Three-phase circuit breaker Single-phase transformer Pushbutton switch Limit switches Thermal overload Delta-wound transformer Turbine-driven generator "a" contact "b" contact Wye-wound transformer Motor-generator set Time-delay contacts Electric motor Generator (wye or delta) Relay Meters Potential transformer Junctions Diesel-driven generator In-line fuses Battery Single switch SUMMARY

TLO 3 Summary Describe how the direction of current flow is shown by the transformer's symbol. Identify the types of electrical diagrams and their uses. Identify the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electrical drawings to depict the relationship between the following components: Relay and its contacts Switch and its contacts Interlocking device and its interlocked equipment State the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unless otherwise noted on the diagram or schematic. SUMMARY

TLO 3 Summary Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, determine the condition of the specified component (i.e., energized/de-energized, open/closed). Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, identify the power sources and/or loads and their status (i.e., energized or de-energized). Identify the symbols used on engineering electronic block diagrams, prints, and schematics. State the purpose of a block diagram and an electronic schematic diagram. SUMMARY

Logic Diagrams TLO 4 - Given a logic diagram, read and interpret the diagram. Operators must be able to find information in drawings quickly and accurately to perform their duties in plant operations In this section, you will learn the different types of drawings and projections, and the information contained in the different sections of the drawings TLO 4

Identify the symbols used on logic diagrams to represent the following components: AND gate, NAND gate, coincidence gate, OR gate, NOR gate, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, NOT gate or inverter, adder, time-delay, counter, shift register, flip-flop, and logic memories. Explain the operation of the three types of time delay devices. Develop the truth tables for the following logic gates: AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, and EXCLUSIVE NOR gate. Given a logic diagram and appropriate information, determine the output of each component and the logic circuit. TLO 4

Logic Diagram Symbols ELO Identify the symbols used on logic diagrams to represent the following components: AND gate, NAND gate, coincidence gate, OR gate, NOR gate, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, NOT gate or inverter, adder, time-delay, counter, shift register, flip-flop, and logic memories. The use of logic symbology allows users to determine the operation of a given component or system as the various input signals change To read and interpret logic diagrams, reader must understand what each of the specialized symbols represent Specifically, the common symbols used on logic diagrams Commonly see logic symbols on equipment diagrams The logic symbols, called gates, depict operation/start/stop circuits of components and systems ELO 4.1

Example of a Pump Start Circuit Schematic Diagram
Looking at next two figures, when logic symbols are understood, how device operates and how it responds to combinations of inputs using logic diagrams is faster and easier than tracing through relays and contacts of schematic diagrams Figure: Example of a Pump Start Circuit Schematic Diagram ELO 4.1

Example of Pump Start Circuit as a Logic Diagram
Figure: Example of Pump Start Circuit as a Logic Diagram ELO 4.1

Logic Symbology There are three basic types of logic gates – AND, OR, NOT Each gate is a simple device that only has two states, On and Off The states of a gate are also commonly referred to as High or Low, 1 or 0, or True or False On = High = 1 = True Off = Low = 0 = False States also referred to as output Determined by status of inputs to gate, with each type of gate responding differently to various possible combinations of inputs ELO 4.1

Logic Symbology AND gate - provides an output (on) when all its inputs are on When any one of inputs is off, gate's output is off OR gate - provides an output (on) when any one or more of its inputs is on Gate is off only when all inputs are off NOT gate - provides a reversal of input If input is on, output off If input is off, output on ELO 4.1

Logic Symbology Because NOT gate is frequently used in conjunction with AND and OR gates, special symbols have been developed to represent these combinations Combination of an AND gate and a NOT gate is called a NAND gate Combination of an OR gate with a NOT gate is called a NOR gate NAND gate - opposite (NOT) of AND gate's output Provides output (on) except when all inputs are on NOR gate - opposite (NOT) of OR gate's output Provides output only when all inputs are off ELO 4.1

Figure: Basic Logic Symbols
Logic Symbology Figure: Basic Logic Symbols ELO 4.1

COINCIDENCE Gate Logic gates are not limited to two inputs
Theoretically, there is no limit to number of inputs gate can have As number of inputs increases, symbol must be altered to accommodate increased inputs COINCIDENCE gate - variation of AND gate There are two basic ways to show multiple inputs: Symbols shown are used extensively in computer logic diagrams Process control logic diagrams usually use symbology shown previously ELO 4.1

Figure: Conventions for Depicting Multiple Inputs
COINCIDENCE Gate COINCIDENCE gate behaves like AND gate except that only a specific number of the total number of inputs needs to be on for gate's output to be on Figure: Conventions for Depicting Multiple Inputs ELO 4.1

Figure: COINCIDENCE Gates
Fraction in logic symbol indicates that AND gate is COINCIDENCE gate Numerator of fraction indicates number of inputs that must be on for gate to be on Denominator states total number of inputs to gate Figure: COINCIDENCE Gates ELO 4.1

EXCLUSIVE OR and EXCLUSIVE NOR Gates
Two variations of OR gate are EXCLUSIVE OR and its opposite, EXCLUSIVE NOR Symbolized by adding line on back of standard OR or NOR gate's symbol Figure: EXCLUSIVE OR and EXCLUSIVE NOR Gates ELO 4.1

EXCLUSIVE OR and EXCLUSIVE NOR Gates
EXCLUSIVE OR - provides output (on) when only one of inputs is on Any other combination results in no output (off) EXCLUSIVE NOR - opposite (NOT) of an EXCLUSIVE OR gate's output Provides output only when all inputs are on or when all inputs are off ELO 4.1

Complex Logic and Memory Devices
Complex Logic Devices In addition to seven basic logic gates, there are several complex logic devices that may be encountered in logic prints Memory Devices In many circuits, a device that can remember the last command or last position is required for a circuit to function Like AND and OR gates, memory devices have been designed to work with on/off signals The two input signals to a memory device are called set and reset ELO 4.1

Symbols for Complex Logic Devices
Figure: Symbols for Complex Logic Devices ELO 4.1

Flip-Flop Flip-Flop - device in which as one or more of its inputs changes, output changes Complex circuit constructed from OR and NOT gates Used so frequently in complex circuits that it has its own symbol Occasionally used on component and system type logic diagrams Principally used in solid state logic diagrams (computers) Figure: Flip-Flop ELO 4.1

Binary Counter Several types of binary counters exist, all of which are constructed of flip-flops Purpose of a counter is to allow computer to count higher than 1, which is highest number single flip-flop can represent By ganging flip-flops, higher binary numbers can be constructed Figure: Binary Counter ELO 4.1

Shift Register and Half Adder
Storage device constructed of flip-flops Used in computers to provide temporary storage of a binary word Half Adder Logic circuit used in computer circuits to allow computer to carry numbers when it is performing mathematical operations Example: to perform addition of 9 + 2, single 10s unit must be "carried" from ones column to tens column Figure: Shift Register Figure: Half Adder ELO 4.1

Logic Diagram Symbols Knowledge Check
What type of logic gate is indicated by the following symbol? OR gate NOR gate AND gate NAND gate Correct answer is B. Correct answer is: B ELO 4.1

Time Delays ELO Explain the operation of the three types of time delay devices. When logic diagrams are used to represent start/stop/operate circuits, diagrams must also be able to symbolize various timing devices found in actual circuits Three major types of timers: Type-One Time Delay Device Type-Two Time Delay Device Type-Three Time Delay Device ELO 4.2

Figure: Type-One Time Delay Device
Upon receipt of input signal, Type-One Time Delay device delays output (on) for specified period of time Output will stop (off) as soon as input signal is removed Figure: Type-One Time Delay Device ELO 4.2

Figure: Type-Two Time Delay Device
Type-Two Time Delay provides output signal (on) immediately upon receipt of input signal Output is maintained only for specified period of time once input signal (off) has been removed Figure: Type-Two Time Delay Device ELO 4.2

Figure: Type-Three Time Delay Device
Upon receipt of an input signal, Type-Three Time Delay devices provide an output signal for specified period of time, regardless of duration of input Figure: Type-Three Time Delay Device ELO 4.2

Time Delays Knowledge Check
The _______________ provides an output signal (on) immediately upon receipt of the input signal, and maintains the output only for a specified period of time once the input signal (off) has been removed. Type-One Time Delay Device Type-Two Time Delay Device Type-Three Time Delay Device Type-Four Time Delay Device Correct answer is B. Correct answer is: B ELO 4.2

Truth Tables ELO Develop the truth tables for the following logic gates: AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, and EXCLUSIVE NOR gate. Truth tables offer simple and easy to understand tool that can be used to determine output of any logic gate or circuit for all input combinations When logic gate has only two inputs, or logic circuit to be analyzed has only one or two gates, it is fairly easy to remember how specific gate responds and determine output of gate or circuit As number of inputs and/or complexity of circuit grows, it becomes more difficult to determine output of gate or circuit ELO 4.3

Truth Tables Truth tables, are tools designed to help solve this problem Truth table has a column for input of each gate and column for output of each gate Number of rows needed is based on number of inputs, so that every combination of input signal is listed Mathematically, number of rows is 2n , where n = number of inputs In truth tables, the on and off status of the inputs and outputs is represented using 0s and 1s 0 = off and 1 = on Comparing each gate's truth table with its definition, will verify that both the definition and the table are stating the same thing ELO 4.3

Truth Tables Basic Logic Circuit Demonstration
Consider a circuit consisting of two switches "A" and "B" connected in series with a lamp and battery as shown in the figure below. Switches Lamp State A B Closed On Open Off Figure: Basic Logic Circuit ELO 4.3

Truth Tables Basic Logic Circuit Demonstration
Since both switches must be on for the lamp to glow, the AND gate is the appropriate logic gate. Switches Lamp State A B 1 ELO 4.3

Examples of Truth Tables
Figure – Examples of Truth Tables ELO 4.3

AND Gate Figure: AND Gate ELO 4.3

NOR Gate Figure: NOR Gate ELO 4.3

OR Gate Figure: OR Gate ELO 4.3

EXCLUSIVE OR Gate Figure: EXCLUSIVEOR Gate ELO 4.3

NAND Gate Figure: NAND Gate ELO 4.3

EXCLUSIVE NOR Gate Figure: EXCLUSIVE NOR Gate ELO 4.3

NOT Gate Figure: NOT Gate ELO 4.3

Truth Tables Knowledge Check
What type of logic gate is represented by the truth table shown below? NOR Gate OR Gate AND Gate NAND Gate Correct answer is: B INPUT OUTPUT 1 Correct answer is: B ELO 4.3

Reading Logic Diagrams
ELO Given a logic diagram and appropriate information, determine the output of each component and the logic circuit. When reading logic prints, reader usually must decide input values to each gate Occasionally print will provide information as to normal state of each logic gate Denoted by symbol similar to bistable symbol Figure: Logic Gate Status Notation ELO 4.4

Reading logic diagram that does not provide information on status of gates requires reader to: Choose initial conditions Determine response of circuits Modify inputs as needed Figure: Logic Gate Status Notation ELO 4.4

Knowledge Check For the following logic circuit, determine the correct output of the circuit with the inputs as shown. Circuit output is 0 Circuit output is 1 Correct answer is B. Answer: B ELO 4.4

TLO 4 Summary This presentation reviewed the seven basic symbols used on logic diagrams and the symbols used for six of the more complex logic devices. There are three types of time delay devices: Type-One - delays the output signal for a specified period of time Type-Two - only generates an output for the specified period of time Type-Three - receipt of an input signal triggers the device to output a signal for the specified time, regardless of the duration of the input. Review the objectives and conduct directed questioning to assure comprehension; review topic for any areas where retention needs improvement. SUMMARY

TLO 4 Summary Now that you have completed this section, you should be able to: Identify the symbols used on logic diagrams to represent the following components: AND gate, NAND gate, coincidence gate, OR gate, NOR gate, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, NOT gate or inverter, adder, time-delay, counter, shift register, flip-flop, and logic memories. Explain the operation of the three types of time delay devices. Develop the truth tables for the following logic gates: AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, EXCLUSIVE OR gate, and EXCLUSIVE NOR gate. Given a logic diagram and appropriate information, determine the output of each component and the logic circuit. SUMMARY

Plant Drawings Summary
Hand out Plant Drawings class exercise, give students 15 minutes to complete the exercise independently as a review of module material. Review results with students providing answers to questions. SUMMARY

Plant Drawings Summary
Now that you have completed this module, you should be able to: Given an engineering print, identify the information contained in the title block, the notes and legend, the revision block, and the drawing grid. Interpret facility engineering Piping and Instrumentation Drawings (P&IDs). Given a print, read and interpret facility electrical and electronic diagrams and schematics. Given a logic diagram, read and interpret the diagram. SUMMARY

Operator Generic Fundamentals Plant Drawings

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Operator Generic Fundamentals Plant Drawings

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Presentation on theme: "Operator Generic Fundamentals Plant Drawings"— Presentation transcript:

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