1. What’s on the table? Opportunities and challenges in German/Polish energy and climate policies A brief summary of the 16. German-Polish Forum, Warsaw, 29th Nov. 2012 Kacper Szulecki

2. Polish energy and climate policy: Background 1988-1989 - Departing from a state-socialist economy: – Centrally planned – Energy intensive – Coal dominated – Underinvested infrastructure Development seen as requiring expansion of energy production Decapitalization of Polish energy infrastructure Insufficient integration of energy and climate policies – EU climate policy perceived as a threat to Polish economy/energy sector Energy security – primary concern

3. Energy Neighbourhood: An Overview Synchronic areas (potential for both conflict & mutual benefit) Gas connectors Electric energy connectors Asynchronic and Asymmetrical areas (divergence) Shale gas Atomic energy Symmetrical areas (mutual benefit) Author: Prof. Krzysztof Żmijewski, Społeczna Rada ds. RGN Energy efficiency Smart grids Prosumer energy Clean carbon technologies Low-emissions transportation

4. Issues on the table Poland:  Uncertainty and lack of information on the instruments of the German „Energiewende”  Strong support for nuclear energy in the energy lobby and scientific community  Large hopes for shale gas as a domestic source  Reconsidering coal:  Growing need for import  Controversial question of brown coal  Development of coal gasification technologies; energy storage  Doubts about RE development  Economic viability  Another form of dependence (aluminum, rare earth elements)

5. Issues on the table Germany (in relation to Poland):  Need for infrastructure developement  Acknowledging the pressing problem of loop flows  Acknowledging the concerns over gas imports  Russia: a common trade partner  Energy policy inseparable from climate policy  Emphasis on energy efficiency  Suggesting EE as an alternative to the Polish nuclear program  Emphasis on renewable energy  Underlining benefits over costs  Different approach to calculation (contextual factors)  Poland and Germany are representative for two larger groups of EU states – can they increase their political leverage acting together? Can a policy convergence be achieved?

6. Conclusion: Challenges Poland: Loop flows Diversification of energy sources, trans-border infrastructure Sovereignty in setting own energy mix Germany: Securing strategic fuel imports Long-term idea of RE development Common: Transforming coal (and gas) dependent economies Climate policy as a common platform? – shared targets Design of the ETS Cooperation with Russia