1. Peru’s Early People How did geography affect their civilization?
What was the main economic system?
How were they similar to the people of Mesoamerica? Different?
Why don’t we call all people of the region Inca?

5. How did geography influence the people of Peru?
Area where they settled extremely mountainous, with access to water
Buildings and cities were erected along the tops of mountains
Most buildings were made of stone, as the most abundant material
Most famous building: Machu Picchu
INCA applies in name only to the most important male people (wives were Coya); others were divided into other groups of different names

8. What was the economy like?
Terrace farming of “New World” crops like corn, potatoes, squash, tomatoes
Within 20 years of discovery of “New World” people, potatoes became staples of the European diet
Wool was taken from alpaca/llamas to make clothing and to trade
Trade of other fine products, like jewelry, pottery, metalworking

11. What was the government like?
The government was ruled by an emperor; Pachacuti was the very first
Capital city of Cuzco
Intricate road system can still be seen today!
Built by the Mita system: a required work period for all people to help the gov’t
The empire was divided into four quarters headed by four Apos
Each quarter had provinces run by officials
Hierarchy of power
Bureaucracy collected/distributed tribute

12. 1). Hauna tipo tumi (Bronze Axe on a Wooden Stick)
2). A Stone Mace
 3)/4). Bronze Axes
 5) Close-up of a Bronze Ax head
 6) Inca Slingshot
 7) Inca Slinger

13. What was their military like?
When they won a war, they tried to learn the arts of the conquered society
incorporate ideas/arts of others in Incan standardized form, so it could be copied easily
Army was more organized than other nations of the Andes
Educated leaders, highly disciplined army, equipment and better tactics helped Inca to win the battles
include the army of conquered groups in their own so it became large and versatile
Road systems and food store/supply system helped troops get from place to place easily with supplies

17. What was their religion like?
Worshiped nature gods and goddesses 
Inti (the sun god),
Viracocha (the creator), 
Illapa (the weather/thunder god),
Pachamama (the earth goddess)
Mamacocha (the sea goddess)
Mamaquilla (the moon goddess) 
Inti was considered to be omnipotent and the highest god
believed members of the royal family were direct descendants of Inti
Viracocha was a culture hero for the Incas
Emperor and royalty were mummified at death
Priests headed by the high priest of Coricancha, the most important temple of the Inca state religion
Sacrifice an important part of religion, usually of animals
People sacrificed on a few important occasions usually young women or children (purity) in an important ceremony