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Blood and Circulation Ch 7 and 8 Circulatory System n Mechanism for moving blood n Blood the medium of transfer
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Bio 130 Human Biology Blood Transports
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Bio 130 Human Biology Components of blood n Plasma 55% q albumin, osmotic balance q globulins, immune and transport q fibrinogens, blood clotting q other dissolved substances n Blood cells 45%
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Know the proportions, serum is 8% something else, know what?
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Bio 130 Human Biology Blood functions n Transportation n Regulation n Defense n 4-6 liters depending on size roughly 8% of body mass
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The Formed elements come from stem cells Fig 7.5
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Bio 130 Human Biology Formed elements to know n Platelets n Leukocytes (WBC) q Neutrophils q Eosinophils q Basophils n Agranulocytes q Monocytes q Lymphocytes q Erythrocytes n Define Granulocyte n Define agranulocytes
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leukocytotaxia
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Bio 130 Human Biology Oxygen transport in the blood n Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrier n Oxygen released at low pH and low oxygen content and heat n Oxygen binding preferred with neutral pH, high oxygen content and cool conditions n Oxyhemoblobin is bright red n Only a little oxygen is carried in the serum
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Bio 130 Human Biology Red Blood cell production n Erythropoietin made in the kidneys is a stimulus for stem cell division n Red blood cells live for 120 days n Red blood cells are produced in the marrow of hollow bones n Most parts of old blood cells are reused, bilirubin is excreted in the feces n Count: 5million per microliter
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What type of regulation is this?
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Bio 130 Human Biology The relation of blood to oxygen carrying capacity n Hematocrit: amount of blood volume taken up by cells n 43-49% males n 37-43% females n Anemia n Leukemia
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Bio 130 Human Biology Blood typing n Surfaces of our cells identify us as “self” n ABO system n Rh system (ok only once) n Over 400 other antigens exist n See tutorial
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Bio 130 Human Biology
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Agglutinate
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Bio 130 Human Biology Other problems with blood type n Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Bio 130 Human Biology
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Hemostasis n Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow. n Platelets stick together to seal a ruptured vessel n Blood clot forms around the platelet plug
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Bio 130 Human Biology Problems with blood n Hemophilia n Leukemia n Blood poisoning n Reduction of blood cell population n Increase of blood cell population
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Bio 130 Human Biology Anemias or too little oxygen n Lack of RBC n lack of iron n lack of vitamin B 12 n congenital disorder
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The Cardiovascular System Heart & Blood Vessels
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Bio 130 Human Biology Cardiovascular system components n Blood q liquid medium of transport n Heart q pump that generates pressure n Blood vessels q distribution tubes of varying diameters
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Things to know. Heart, Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary veins/arteries. Coronary arteries
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Know the basic sequence of how the blood flows
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Just like we went through the structure of the intestines, know the structure of veins and arteries
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This is the same as figure 8.4 be able to describe this figure and explain what it is showing?
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Bio 130 Human Biology Veins return blood from the capillaries to the heart n Consist of 3 layers like arteries but are much weaker n The lumens are larger n Blood flows slower n Have valves n Muscles help move blood through the veins
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Bio 130 Human Biology Layers of a blood vessel n Endothelium- thin inner layer of epithelial n Thick middle layer of smooth muscle n Outermost layer of connective tissue provides strength n An aneurysm is a blowing outward of the artery wall
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Bio 130 Human Biology Capillaries: n Where blood exchanges substances with tissue n Every living cell is near one capillary n Walls are a single layer of epithelial tissue n Substances move from a high to a low concentration n Cell wall is very porous n Liquid movement is very slow
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Know the Hearts location and its relation with its neighbors. What does the pericardium do?
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Bio 130 Human Biology Circulation routs n Pulmonary (right side) n Systemic (left side) n Be able to follow the flow of a drop of blood
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Bio 130 Human Biology Another example of blood circulation
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Bio 130 Human Biology Structure of the Heart n Cardiac muscle (myocardium) n pericardium: tough fibrous sack n endocardium: smooth lining of connective tissue n 2 halves q atrium q ventricle n Valves q AV q semilunar n coronary arteries q branch off the aorta and provide the heart with blood.
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Bio 130 Human Biology Heartbeat: The cardiac cycle n Contraction: systole n Relaxation: Diastole n The heart sounds q lub closing of AV valves q dub closing of semilunar valves
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Bio 130 Human Biology Same as fig 8.11
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Bio 130 Human Biology Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction n SA node: cardiac pacemaker n AV node: relay impulse n AV bundle and Purkinje fibers: carry impulse to ventricles Figure 8.13
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Bio 130 Human Biology Mechanisms of heart contraction n The cardiac conduction system is self excitatory n Sinoartial node is the cardiac pacemaker n Atrioventricular node stimulated by SA node n Purkinje fibers
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Bio 130 Human Biology Other control (nervous) n Sympathetic q increase heart rate n Parasympathetic q decrease n Centers for nervous control lie in spinal cord and brain (medulla oblongata)
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Bio 130 Human Biology
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Arteries Transport Blood from Heart to body Tissues n The further from the heart the smaller the vessels n Largest aorta 2.5cm n Arterioles 0.3mm or less n Purpose q move blood q store fluid q maintain pressure
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Bio 130 Human Biology
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Control of capillary bed exchange n Precapillary sphincter n volume in the capillaries n Prevents blood flow to a certain capillary bed within an organ or tissue n While the individual diameter of a capillary is small, the thousands in the body represent a very large volume
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Bio 130 Human Biology Arthrosclerosis n Build up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries n Key factor in many cardiovascular diseases n Cholesterol n optimal below 200 n borderline 200-239 n high 240 or higher
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The Lymphatic system
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Bio 130 Human Biology The Lymphatic system n Fluids, vessels and tissues n Purpose q Return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream q Transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the bloodstream q Help defend against disease causing organisms
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