1. ALL ABOUT AZTECS Your goal today is to be able to define: Aztecs, Tenochtitlan, Hernan Cortes, and Montezuma. You should also be able to describe the encounter and consequences of the conflict between the Spanish and the Aztecs. Finally, you will be required to describe the Aztec culture and tell how Cortes and Montezuma affected the Aztecs.

2. WELCOME TO THE AZTECS

3. THEIR LOCATION The Aztecs were a great nation of nomadic warriors who traveled Mexico about 700 years ago in search of a land to call their own. Mexico

4. THE EAGLE AND THE SNAKE The Aztec chief had a dream in which their God appeared to him and declared that the Aztecs would build a great nation where the Eagle with a snake in its talons lands on a cactus. Aztecs

5. THE ISLAND IN THE LAKE The warriors searched for many days and came upon a lake. They were tired and hungry. They gazed out upon the lake and guess what they saw. Exactly!! A huge eagle swooped down and grabbed a snake in its talons and landed on a cactus that was on an island in the middle of the lake.

6. GREAT BUILDERS The Aztecs began to build a great nation in the middle of a huge lake. They named their city, Tenochtitlan. It has been likened to Venice because of its great gardens and streams. They traveled by boat much like in Venice. It was a city built of gold.

7. THE AZTEC EDUCATION The Aztecs were very educated. They were the first to create an advanced calendar that is more accurate than our own. They performed brain surgery. They were great in mathematics, architecture, building, astronomy, medicine, surgery, and farming.

8. THE AZTEC RELIGION The Aztecs were very religious people. They worshipped many gods. They had a god for almost everything. The Aztecs believed that the moon and the sun were gods. They thought that the moon and the sun did battle every night and day.

9. THE AZTECS GODS The Aztecs believed that in order to give the Sun power to defeat the moon and rise each morning, the Sun must have a blood sacrifice. They believed they must sacrifice a beating heart everyday.

10. THE AZTEC SACRIFICES The Aztecs were forced to be at constant war to obtain prisoners to sacrifice. They captured them and held them for daily sacrifice. They were placed on a bench and their heart was cut out and placed in a stone statue of Chac-mool.

11. THE AZTEC WARFARE The Aztecs were feared and hated by all of the other Indian tribes of Mexico.

12. THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANISH A man by the name of Hernán Cortez had heard of the infamous Aztecs. The Spanish were experiencing gold fever and Hernán Cortez agreed to come to the Americas and conquer the Aztecs and steal their gold.

13. THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS The Spanish conquistadors landed in Mexico with approximately 300 men and 40 horses. They traveled Mexico and met with the Indians. Upon hearing how fierce the Aztecs were, Cortez’ men became scared and wished to return to Spain. Cortez became more greedy and burned his ships. This forced his men to fight or die.

14. THE AZTEC TRAITOR Another Indian tribe gave Cortez a woman slave by the name of Malinche. She had been captured as a child by the Mayas. She was an Aztec and spoke many different languages because she had been traded by many different Indian tribes. Another Indian tribe gave Cortez a woman slave by the name of Malinche. She had been captured as a child by the Mayas. She was an Aztec and spoke many different languages because she had been traded by many different Indian tribes.

15. THE COMING OF THE AZTEC GOD Malinche became infatuated with Cortez because he was the first person to treat her nicely in many years. She told Cortez that the Aztecs were awaiting their god, Quetzalcoatl, to return this year. Malinche became infatuated with Cortez because he was the first person to treat her nicely in many years. She told Cortez that the Aztecs were awaiting their god, Quetzalcoatl, to return this year.

16. THE MEETING According to Aztec legend, a tall white man had appeared and ruled and left the Aztecs after promising to return in 100 years to rule them again. Hernán Cortez was Spanish. He was a tall white man and he came to Tenochtitlan that exact year.

17. MONTEZUMA Hernán Cortez presented himself to the Aztec leader, Montezuma, and claimed to be their returning God. Hernán Cortez presented himself to the Aztec leader, Montezuma, and claimed to be their returning God.

18. THE END OF THE AZTECS Montezuma gave the Spaniards gifts of gold and welcomed them to his city. The Aztecs had never before seen horses and guns and wept with fear. They believed Hernán Cortez to be their long lost god.

19. HERNAN CORTEZ Hernan Cortez and his men killed Montezuma. The Aztecs were horrified. They had given an enemy a key to the city. As they debated on whether Hernan was actually a god, disease spread throughout Tenochtitlan. One third of the Indians were stricken and died of small pox. The great Indian nation was weakened by disease and without a leader.

20. THE GREAT BATTLE The Aztecs decided to kill the Spaniards; however, they were sick with disease and without a leader. Still the Spaniards were out numbered one thousand to one. The Spanish then sent out messages to the other Indian tribes who hated the Aztecs, telling them that they had conquered the city and killed the leader. The other Indian tribes saw this as an opportunity to be rid of the Aztecs and came to help.

21. WHAT TO DO WITH THE GOLD? The Aztecs quickly realized that they had no leadership. They were becoming sick with small pox and more and more other Indian tribes were coming to help the Spanish. While some were fighting the Spaniards, the Aztec people, men, women, and children worked and gathered up the gold throughout the city and piled it into boats. One by one they sunk those boats into the lake.

22. MEXICO CITY The bulk of the Aztec gold was lost to the world. The great Aztec Empire fell. Mexico then built a great city on the site which used to be Tenochtitlan. Mexico City stands where the great Aztec city once lay. The gold is underneath Mexico City, which is currently the largest city in the world. The Aztec symbol is proudly flown on the Mexican flag and today the Mexican people view the Aztecs and not Cortez as national heroes.

23. CLOSING ACTIVITY Throughout today’s lesson you learned of the origin and the destruction of the Aztec people. How do you feel after listening to the story of how the Aztecs were conquered? How do you feel about the methods used by Cortes’ and his followers? Explain your answer. Throughout today’s lesson you learned of the origin and the destruction of the Aztec people. How do you feel after listening to the story of how the Aztecs were conquered? How do you feel about the methods used by Cortes’ and his followers? Explain your answer.

24. All About the Incas Your goal today is to be able to define the following key concepts: Incas, Francisco Pizzaro, and Atahualpa. You should be able to describe the encounter and consequences of the conflict between the Spanish and the Incas.

25. Who were the Inca? The Inca built their empire The Inca built their empire in South America. They started out as a small They started out as a small clan that conquered nearby peoples. Cuzco became their capital city Cuzco became their capital city around the year 1200 CE. After a series of emperors, the Inca After a series of emperors, the Inca expanded throughout the Andes Mountain region. They had an empire of over 12 million people living in present day Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Argentina. They had an empire of over 12 million people living in present day Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Argentina. The Inca originally did not have written records. Their history was passed down orally until the Spanish conquest. The Inca originally did not have written records. Their history was passed down orally until the Spanish conquest.

26. Making a Living The Inca economy was based on agriculture. The Inca economy was based on agriculture. Most Inca were farmers. Most Inca were farmers. They cultivated crops of corn, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, chili peppers, and cotton. They cultivated crops of corn, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, chili peppers, and cotton. The Inca also raised animals such as dogs, guinea pigs, and alpacas. The Inca also raised animals such as dogs, guinea pigs, and alpacas.

27. Incan Social Structure The Inca had a rigid social structure. The Inca had a rigid social structure. They were divided into two main classes: nobles and farmers. They were divided into two main classes: nobles and farmers. The farmers were the common people and were divide into ayullu. The ayullu were groups of families that lived together and shared crops, animals, and land. The Inca stayed in the ayullu for life. The farmers were the common people and were divide into ayullu. The ayullu were groups of families that lived together and shared crops, animals, and land. The Inca stayed in the ayullu for life.

28. Incan Government The Inca government was very developed. The Inca government was very developed. At the top was the emperor, who was believed to be a descendant of the sun god. At the top was the emperor, who was believed to be a descendant of the sun god. The emperor ruled with the help of bureaucrats, people who carried out orders. Many nobles worked with the emperor to carry out military and religious matters. Their government system also included governors and district governors. The emperor ruled with the help of bureaucrats, people who carried out orders. Many nobles worked with the emperor to carry out military and religious matters. Their government system also included governors and district governors.

29. The Conquest of the Incas 10 years after conquest of Aztecs, Francisco Pizzaro led expedition to Peru 10 years after conquest of Aztecs, Francisco Pizzaro led expedition to Peru Pizzaro heard of fabulous wealth of Inca Empire; hoped to win wealth for himself Pizzaro heard of fabulous wealth of Inca Empire; hoped to win wealth for himself Inca Empire already weakened by smallpox; many killed, including emperor Inca Empire already weakened by smallpox; many killed, including emperor Civil war had also broken out Civil war had also broken out 1532, new ruler, Atahualpa, agreed to meet with Spanish 1532, new ruler, Atahualpa, agreed to meet with Spanish Pizarro demanded Atahualpa accept Christianity, AND hand over the empire to Spain Pizarro demanded Atahualpa accept Christianity, AND hand over the empire to Spain Atahualpa refused Atahualpa refused Spanish killed Atahualpa, destroyed Inca army, and took over the Inca empire Spanish killed Atahualpa, destroyed Inca army, and took over the Inca empire

30. Correction and Addition Population=Over!!! 10 million Population=Over!!! 10 million Aztec pyramids were used as temples Aztec pyramids were used as temples

31. The Colombian Exchange

32. Columbian Exchange What was it???? The widespread exchange of plants, animals, food, humans, disease and ideas. The widespread exchange of plants, animals, food, humans, disease and ideas. Began with European arrival to the Western Hemisphere. Began with European arrival to the Western Hemisphere.

33. Columbian Exchange Americas Potatoes Potatoes Beans Beans Maize (corn) Maize (corn) Tomatoes Tomatoes turkeys turkeys Europe Wheat Wheat Rice Rice Sugar Sugar Bananas Bananas Pigs Pigs Horses Horses Cattle Cattle God God diseases diseases

34. Animal Exchange L.A. had no large domesticated animals L.A. had no large domesticated animals except for llamas. UNTIL THIS TIME, THERE WERE NO HORSES IN THE AMERICAS. UNTIL THIS TIME, THERE WERE NO HORSES IN THE AMERICAS.

35. Animal Exchange Big impact on land use, economies and lifestyles. Big impact on land use, economies and lifestyles. The imported animals became the center of Latin America livestock industry. The imported animals became the center of Latin America livestock industry.

36. SLAVERY COMES TO AMERICA European officials governed American holdings. European officials governed American holdings. Disease and mistreatment reduced the native population. Disease and mistreatment reduced the native population. Reformers recommended replacing Native American laborers with imported African slaves. Reformers recommended replacing Native American laborers with imported African slaves.

37. African Slavery Spain took slaves to the Caribbean. Spain took slaves to the Caribbean. Portugal took slaves to Brazil. Portugal took slaves to Brazil. Cultural Influence (voodoo religion, mulattos, music, dance and art. Cultural Influence (voodoo religion, mulattos, music, dance and art.