1. A Brief History of Computers
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2. ABACUS BC
Babylonians or Chinese

3. Abacus

4. Early Calculators
1614 John Napier, Napier’s Rods - multiply, divide, square roots
1623 Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating Clock reconstructed in 1960
1625 slide rule invented
1642 Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, the first “digital calulator”

5. Napier’s Bones

6. Schickard’s Calculator

7. Slide Rule

8. The Pascaline

9. Early Caluclators
1822 Charles Babbage Mechanical computing machine. Too complicated to build until 1853

10. Babbage’s “Difference Engine”

11. Vacuum Tube 1906 Lee Forest invented the “Electronic Valve”
This made digital electronic computers possible

12. Early Vacuum Tube

13. First Generation computers
Use vacuum tubes and wire circuits
1939 ABC computer completed, clock speed of 60 Hz, uses punch cards for secondary memory
1946 ENIAC 18,000 valves, used 25 KW of power, 100,000 calculations/second

14. ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer

15. ENIAC

16. ENIAC

17. Transistors 1947 Bell laboratories invent the transistor
Smaller, cheaper, more reliable, less heat

18. First Transistor

19. Second Generation Computers
Based on transistors and printed circuits
Much smaller and less power consumption

20. Integrated Circuit 1958 Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments
Integrates the functions of many transistors into one physical component

21. First Integrated Circuit

22. Third Generation Computers
Based on integrated circuits, smaller than 2nd Generation

23. Microprocessors 1971 Intel released first microprocessor, the 4004
Equivalent to 2,300 transistors, 4 bit data path, ran at 108 KHz
Microprocessors are complex integrated circuits, capable of many different functions

24. Intel 4004 Processor

25. Intel 8088 circuitry

26. Fourth Generation Computers
1972 -
Based on microprocessors
Utilize LSI (Large Scale Integration), and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
Smaller, faster, and more complex than 3rd Generation

27. Fifth Generation Computers
????
Will be much smaller and faster than 4th Generation
Greatly increased data storage capability
Will most likely have light, easily transportable display capabilities
May be built into clothing

28. Fifth Generation Computers
Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

29. Physical Limits
Chip designers are running up against the laws of physics. Ten years from now, chips will run at 30 GHz and complete a trillion operations per second. Unfortunately, with today's design technologies, those chips would be putting out the same amount of heat, proportionally, as a nuclear power plant.

30. Physical Limits & CPUs
We have “hit the wall” of physics in our CPU clock speeds
Intel announced in 2004 that it would not attempt to make processors that run at speeds greater than 3.6 GHZ
Future CPUs will have multiple “Cores” to increase performance and bandwidth

31. Future Computers
Few argue that the next generation of computers will be nearly invisible, meaning that they will blend in with everyday objects. Flexible ink-like circuitry will be printed onto plastic or sprayed onto various other substrates, such as clothes.

32. Wearable Computers-Now

33. Wearable Computers-future?

34. Wearable Computers

35. Wearables