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© Johan Bos Logic Programming About the course –Taught in English –Tuesday: mostly theory –Thursday: practical work [lab] Teaching material –Learn Prolog.

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Presentation on theme: "© Johan Bos Logic Programming About the course –Taught in English –Tuesday: mostly theory –Thursday: practical work [lab] Teaching material –Learn Prolog."— Presentation transcript:

1 © Johan Bos Logic Programming About the course –Taught in English –Tuesday: mostly theory –Thursday: practical work [lab] Teaching material –Learn Prolog Now! –SWI Prolog interpreter

2 © Johan Bos Learn Prolog Now!

3 © Johan Bos SWI Prolog Freely available Prolog interpreter Works with –Linux, –Windows, or –Mac OS There are many more Prolog interpreters Not all are ISO compliant

4 © Johan Bos Lecture 1 Theory –Introduction to Prolog –Facts, Rules and Queries –Prolog Syntax Exercises –Exercises of LPN chapter 1 –Practical work

5 © Johan Bos Aim of this lecture Give some simple examples of Prolog programs Discuss the three basic constructs in Prolog: –Facts –Rules –Queries Introduce other concepts, such as –the role of logic –unification with the help of variables Begin the systematic study of Prolog by defining terms, atoms, and variables

6 © Johan Bos Prolog "Programming with Logic" Declarative Very different from other (procedural) programming languages Good for knowledge-rich tasks

7 © Johan Bos History of Prolog 1 972 1 9771980 1980s/1990s 2005 first Prolog interpreter by Colmerauer and Roussel

8 © Johan Bos History of Prolog 1 972 1 9771980 1980s/1990s 2005 implementation of DEC10 compiler by Warren

9 © Johan Bos History of Prolog 1 972 1 9771980 1980s/1990s 2005 Definite Clause Grammars implementation by Pereira and Warren

10 © Johan Bos History of Prolog 1 972 1 9771980 1980s/1990s 2005 Prolog grows in popularity especially in Europe and Japan

11 © Johan Bos History of Prolog 1 972 1 9771980 1980s/1990s 2005 Prolog used to program natural language interface in International Space Station by NASA

12 © Johan Bos Basic idea of Prolog Describe the situation of interest Ask a question Prolog logically deduces new facts about the situation we described Prolog gives us its deductions back as answers

13 © Johan Bos Consequences Think declaratively, not procedurally –Challenging –Requires a different mindset High-level language –Not as efficient as, say, C –Good for rapid prototyping –Useful in many AI applications

14 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party.

15 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?-

16 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia).

17 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?-

18 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(jody).

19 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(jody). yes ?-

20 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(jody). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(mia). no

21 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- tattoed(jody).

22 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- tattoed(jody). no ?-

23 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- tattoed(jody). ERROR: predicate tattoed/1 not defined. ?-

24 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- party.

25 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- party. yes ?-

26 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- rockConcert.

27 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- rockConcert. no ?-

28 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda).

29 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). fact

30 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). fact

31 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). fact rule

32 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). fact rule

33 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). fact rule

34 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). headbody

35 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). ?-

36 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). ?- playsAirGuitar(mia). yes ?-

37 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). ?- playsAirGuitar(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(yolanda). yes

38 © Johan Bos Clauses happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). There are five clauses in this knowledge base: two facts, and three rules. The end of a clause is marked with a full stop.

39 © Johan Bos Predicates happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). There are three predicates in this knowledge base: happy, listens2music, and playsAirGuitar

40 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 3 happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch).

41 © Johan Bos Expressing Conjunction happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). The comma," expresses conjunction in Prolog

42 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 3 happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). ?- playsAirGuitar(vincent). no ?-

43 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 3 happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). ?- playsAirGuitar(butch). yes ?-

44 © Johan Bos Expressing Disjunction happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch); listens2music(butch).

45 © Johan Bos Prolog and Logic Clearly Prolog has something to do with logic Operators –Implication :- –Conjunction, –Disjunction ; Use of modus ponens Negation

46 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 4 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin).

47 © Johan Bos Prolog Variables woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- woman(X).

48 © Johan Bos Variable Instantiation woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- woman(X). X=mia

49 © Johan Bos Asking Alternatives woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- woman(X). X=mia;

50 © Johan Bos Asking Alternatives woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- woman(X). X=mia; X=jody

51 © Johan Bos Asking Alternatives woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- woman(X). X=mia; X=jody; X=yolanda

52 © Johan Bos Asking Alternatives woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- woman(X). X=mia; X=jody; X=yolanda; no

53 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 4 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- loves(marsellus,X), woman(X).

54 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 4 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- loves(marsellus,X), woman(X). X=mia yes ?-

55 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 4 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- loves(pumpkin,X), woman(X).

56 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 4 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). ?- loves(pumpkin,X), woman(X). no ?-

57 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 5 loves(vincent,mia). loves(marsellus,mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). jealous(X,Y):- loves(X,Z), loves(Y,Z).

58 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 5 loves(vincent,mia). loves(marsellus,mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). jealous(X,Y):- loves(X,Z), loves(Y,Z). ?- jealous(marsellus,W).

59 © Johan Bos Knowledge Base 5 loves(vincent,mia). loves(marsellus,mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin). jealous(X,Y):- loves(X,Z), loves(Y,Z). ?- jealous(marsellus,W). W=vincent ?-

60 © Johan Bos Prolog Syntax What exactly are facts, rules and queries built out of? Terms Simple TermsComplex Terms ConstantsVariables AtomsNumbers Terms Simple TermsComplex Terms ConstantsVariables AtomsNumbers

61 © Johan Bos Atoms A sequence of characters of upper-case letters, lower-case letters, digits, or underscore, starting with a lowercase letter Examples: butch, big_kahuna_burger, playGuitar An arbitrary sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes Examples: 'Vincent', 'Five dollar shake', '@$%' A sequence of special characters Examples: :, ;. :-

62 © Johan Bos Numbers Integers: 12, -34, 22342 Floats: 34573.3234

63 © Johan Bos Variables A sequence of characters of upper- case letters, lower-case letters, digits, or underscore, starting with either an uppercase letter or an underscore Examples: X, Y, Variable, Vincent, _tag

64 © Johan Bos Complex Terms Atoms, numbers and variables are building blocks for complex terms Complex terms are built out of a functor directly followed by a sequence of arguments Arguments are put in round brackets, separated by commas The functor must be an atom

65 © Johan Bos Examples of complex terms Examples we have seen before: –playsAirGuitar(jody) –loves(vincent, mia) –jealous(marsellus, W) Complex terms inside complex terms: –hide(X,father(father(father(butch))))

66 © Johan Bos Arity The number of arguments a complex term has is called its arity Examples: woman(mia) is a term with arity 1 loves(vincent,mia) has arity 2 father(father(butch)) arity 1

67 © Johan Bos Arity is important In Prolog you can define two predicates with the same functor but with different arity Prolog would treat this as two different predicates In Prolog documentation arity of a predicate is usually indicated with the suffix "/" followed by a number to indicate the arity

68 © Johan Bos Example of Arity This knowledge base defines –happy/1 –listens2music/1 –playsAirGuitar/1 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda).

69 © Johan Bos Exercises

70 © Johan Bos Summary of this lecture Simple examples of Prolog programs Introduced three basic constructs in Prolog: –Facts –Rules –Queries Discussed other concepts, such as –the role of logic –unification with the help of variables Definition of Prolog constructs: terms, atoms, and variables

71 © Johan Bos Next lecture Discuss unification in Prolog Prolog's search strategy

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