1. LAND SURVEYS, SITE LOCATION AND MAP READING
Speaker : Engr. Merlito Castor Catolico
PRC Accredited Speaker No. 071
Real Estate Broker/Appraiser /Consultant
(4 hours)

2. WHAT IS GEODETIC ENGINEERING ?
GEODETIC ENGINEERING LAW (RA 8560)
AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF GEODETINC ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES
The practice of Geodetic Engineering is a professional and organized act of gathering physical data on the surface of the earth with the use of precision instruments.

4. PRACTICE OF SURVEYING RELEVANT TO REAL ESTATE BROKERAGE
DETERMINE METES AND BOUNDS
is a system or method of describing land, real property (in contrast to personal property) or real estate
Metes = boundary defined by distances and direction
Bounds = more general boundary description
SUBDIVISION / CONSOLIDATION SURVEYS
SKETCH PLAN
PARCELLARY SURVEYS

5. Source : http://www.mooresbay.co.nz/subdivision_plan

6. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR BROKERS TO KNOW BASIC LAND SURVEYING ?
Real Estate Brokers need to know basic surveying
Three elements of space in surveying
Cardinal direction in surveying
How Real Property described
What are the different kinds of land survey
Read maps?
Map symbols
Scale
Topographic maps
Important informations in a map?

7. DEFINITION OF SURVEYING TERMS
WHAT IS LAND SURVEY?
MAP?
SITE?
LOCATION?
METES AND BOUNDS ?
SUBDIVISION / CONSOLIDATION SURVEYS ?
SKETCH PLAN ?
PARCELLARY SURVEYS ?

8. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
Cadastral Survey = creates or re-establishes, marks, and defines boundaries of tracts of lands.
Hectare = 10,000 square meters
Kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters
Meridian (or line of longitude) = true north and south line extending from an initial point in both direction

9. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
True Meridian = Line or plane passing through geographical north pole and geographical south pole
Ante meridiem ? (from Latin Meridies or mid-day)
Post meridiem ?
Magnetic Meridians = is an imaginary line connecting the magnetic south and north poles and can be taken as the magnetic force lines along the surface of the earth.
Magnetic Declination = angle between the magnetic and the true meridian
Metes and Bounds = A common method of land description that identifies a property by specifying the shape and boundary dimensions of the parcel, using terminal points and angles.

10. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
Original Survey = cadastral survey which creates land boundaries and marks them for the first time
Plat = A surveyed map of a town, section, or subdivision indicating the exact locations and boundaries of individual properties, streets, easements, and public recreation areas.
Setback = Zoning restrictions on the amount of bare land required surrounding improvements; the amount of space required between the lot line and the building line
Subdivision = Land that has been divided by the owner (subdivider) into individual parcels or lots which have been grouped into blocks. These lots, together with streets, alleys, parks, schools, planned commercial areas, and public utility easements, are recorded on a plat

11. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
Survey = The process by which boundaries are measured and the locations or forms of land areas are determined
Easement = areas of land owned by the property owner, but in which other parties, such as utility companies, may have limited rights granted for a specific purpose.
Right-of-way = a parcel of land granted by deed or easement for construction and maintenance according to a designated use. This may include highways, streets, canals, ditches, or other uses
Latitude = A measure of relative position north or south on the Earth's surface, measured in degrees from the equator, which has a latitude of 0°, with the poles having a latitude of 90° north and south
Longitude = is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface

12. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
Prime Meridian = the longitude that passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.
Mean Sea Level = is a measure of the average height of the ocean's surface (such as the halfway point between the mean high tide and the mean low tide)
Datum = is a reference from which measurements are made
Contour Lines = a line on a map joining points of equal height above or below sea level
Topographic Map = is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief

13. Sample Contour Lines

14. How to Determine Elevation Using Topographic Map
Find the location of the point in the map
Look for the Index Contour
Find the elevation
Determine the direction of the slope
Count the contour intervals
Interpolate
topographic%20maps/contour.htm

15. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
Bearings = Bearings are used to indicate angular orientation with respect to the earth
Benchmark = A survey mark made on a monument having a known location and elevation, serving as a reference point for surveying.
Tie Line = A survey line that connects a point to other surveyed lines
Property Line = describes the legal boundary of a parcel of land
BLLM = Bureau of Lands Location Monument

16. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
TCT = Transfer Certificate of Title
OCT = Original Certificate of Title
Free-Patent = is a legitimate proof of ownership of public land in the Philippines granted by the Philippine government. It is an agreement between the government and the grantee, that he or she is charged of developing the land within a specified period of time.
Consolidation and Subdivision Survey = land survey of more than two contiguous lots merging to form a single lot, and a single lot subdivided into two or more lots, respectively.

17. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
CAD = Cadastral Survey
Csd = subdivision survey of Cadastral Lot
Psd = subdivision survey of a titled properties. All Psd surveys are conducted by a Private Geodetic Engineer
Bsd - Is a subdivision survey on government titled properties conducted by a Government Geodetic Engineer. If a private titled land is being surveyed by a Government Geodetic Engineer thru court order, the resulting survey is a Bsd.
Psu - is a survey on original land (not yet surveyed) by a private Geodetic Engineer. This kind of survey will be used by titling thru judicial proceedings (means thru court order).
FP - Free Patent survey by a Private Geodetic Engineer

18. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
Triangulation = a series of connected triangles which adjoin or overlap each other, with angles being measured from determined fixed stations
Trilateration = uses electronic distance measuring equiAMent to directly measure the lengths of the sides of triangles from which the angles can be calculated
Traverse = consists of a series of lines, whose lengths and directions are measured, connecting points whose positions are to be determined
open traverse begins at a point of known position and ends at a station whose relative position is unknown.
closed traverse begins and ends at the same point whose position is known

19. COMMON SURVEYING TERMS FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS BROKERS
Leveling is the operation of determining differences of elevation by measuring vertical distances directly on a graduated rod with the use of a leveling instrument such as a dumpy level, transit or Theodolites. This method is called Direct Leveling or Differential leveling
Indirect leveling can be done using the principle that differences in elevation are proportional to the differences in atmospheric pressure
Radiation is a surveying technique often used in conjunction with a plane table

20. Total Station

21. Traditional Transit

22. FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS
LAND SURVEYS
FOR REAL ESTATE BROKERS

23. Land Surveying
is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points, or details.
Surveying Uses :
Mathematics
Geometry
Trigonometry
Physics
Engineering
Law

24. TWO TYPES OF SURVEY
Plane surveying = considers the earth to be a flat surface-- a plane
Geodetic surveying = takes into account the true shape of the earth.

25. TYPES OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO USE
Detailed Engineering:
These are carried for engineering feasibility studies, ground terrain analysis, design planning and during actual construction phase.
Topographic Survey
Contour Mapping
Hydrographic Survey
Construction Layout
Highway & Bridge Design Survey
As-built Construction Survey

26. TYPES OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO USE
Ground Control Establishment :
These are carried in surveys that require a high degree of accuracy with regards to both relative and absolute geodetic position.
GPS Geodetic Control Survey
Vertical Control Leveling

27. TYPES OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO USE
Property Boundary :
These surveys are carried primarily to determine and establish the legal boundary of real properties.
Cadastral Survey
Parcellary Survey
Subdivision Consolidation Survey
Boundary Relocation Survey

28. TYPES OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO USE
Route Alignment :
These services are required during the design & actual construction of road alignment and river embankment structures to determine the condition of the existing terrain.
Road Alignment
Profile Cross-Section Survey
River Survey

29. THREE ELEMENTS OF SPACE IN SURVEYING
DISTANCE = the extent or amount of space between two things, points, lines, etc.
DIRECTION = a position on a line extending from a specific point toward a point of the compass or toward the nadir or the zenith
ELEVATION = height above a fixed reference point

30. FOUR CARDINAL POINTS IN SURVEYING
NORTH
SOUTH
EAST
WEST

31. ROUGH DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
PACING
Distance = Pace factor × Number of Paces

32. Determine your Pace Factor
Homework:
A Real Estate Broker walked along a given straight line in a horizontal ground that was known to be 60 m long, in order to determine her average unit pace. She paced the line five times, recording 78, 76.5, 77, 87, and 76 paces, respectively.
Determine her average unit pace, or Pace Factor (PF).
b. If the said broker then counted an average of paces while pacing off the line of unknown distance, what is the distance?
Remarks:
Pace Factor (PF) = Distance ÷ Average Paces

33. Other Ways to Measure Distances
Taping EquiAMents
clisimeter
Transit, or Level; and stadia
Total Station
EDM

34. THE MEASURING WHEEL
A simple measuring wheel mounted on a rod can be used to determine distances, by pushing the rod and rolling the wheel along the line to be measured.
An attached device called an odometer serves to count the number of turns of the wheels
From the known circumference of the wheel and the number of revolutions, distances for reconnaissance can be determined with relative accuracy of about 1:200.

35. 15 MINUTES BREAK

36. WHAT IS A COMPASS ? WHAT IS A COMPASS?
is a navigational instrument that measures directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth
The frame of reference defines the four cardinal directions (or points) – north, south, east, and west.
Intermediate directions are also defined.
a diagram called a compass rose, which shows the directions (with their names usually abbreviated to initials), is marked on the compass.

38. An iPhone can be used as a geological compass because of the 3-axis teslameter and 3-axis accelerometer inside it

39. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO KNOW HOW TO USE A COMPASS
It is used for you to find north. The arrow that stays in a direction points north .
Can used for orienting a map
Can be use to find direction
Can be use to find location
What is a compass survey? (BONUS PRESENTATION FOR YOUR INFO – STUDY LATER )

40. ORIENTING A MAP
Orienting, or aligning, the map is really easy with just 3 steps:
Lay your map out on a relatively flat, smooth surface.
Turn your declination-adjusted compass dial so due North is at the index pointer.
Place your compass on your map with the edge of the base plate parallel to the north-south meridians on the map.
Turn the map and compass together until the compass needle is "boxed" in the orienting arrow

42. HOW TO FIND TRUE NORTH WITHOUT A COMPASS
The Shadow-Tip Method
Place a stick upright in the ground so that you can see its shadow. Alternatively, you can use the shadow of a fixed object. Nearly any object will work, but the taller the object is, the easier it will be to see the movement of its shadow, and the narrower the tip of the object is, the more accurate the reading will be. Make sure the shadow is cast on a level, brush-free spot.
Mark the tip of the shadow with a small object, such as a pebble, or a distinct scratch in the ground. Try to make the mark as small as possible so as to pinpoint the shadow's tip, but make sure you can identify the mark later.
Wait minutes. The shadow tip will move mostly from west to east in a curved line.
Mark the new position of the shadow's tip with another small object or scratch. It will likely move only a short distance.
Draw a straight line in the ground between the two marks. This is an approximate east-west line.
Stand with the first mark (west) on your left, and the other (east) on your right. You are now facing mostly toward true north, regardless of where you are in the world.
This method is based on the fact that the sun moves across the sky from East to West.

43. What is Latitude and Longitude
Lines of Latitude
Example: Equator = “0 °” latitude
Lines of Longitude
Also called “meredian”
“0 ° “ Longitude passes at Greenwich, England
(by convention)

44. Why Orient a Map?
If you know where you are on the map, you should be able to look in any direction and see the objects represented on the map in the same direction.
If you can see a known mountain in one direction and a lake off another way, then just lay the map out, and turn it so the corresponding marks on the map align with the distant features.
You can verify the location of your subject property – on the ground

45. SITE LOCATION

46. USING A RULER FIND THE FASTEST WAY TO MEASURE THE HEIGHT OF THE 7 STOREY BUILDING?

47. DEFINITION OF TERMS
LAND = the Earth's surface extending downward to the center of the Earth and upward to infinity, including permanently attached natural objects.
SITE = a parcel of land which improved to the extent that it is ready for use for the purpose of which it is intended
LOT = is a tract or parcel of land owned or meant to be owned by some owner(s), with documented defined boundaries (or borders)
LOCATION = an economic characteristic of real estate composed of immobility, constant change, dependence, and elements of special distribution
REAL ESTATE includes everything in the definition of Land, plus all things permanently attached to it naturally or artificially.
REAL PROPERTY includes Real Estate plus the interests, benefits and rights automatically included with the ownership of the Real Estate - Possession, Control, Enjoyment, Exclusion, and Disposition.

48. IMPORTANT DATA NEEDED FOR SITE LOCATION
Direction (Using internet, example: Google earth)
Lot Plan / Vicinity Map / Location Map
Means of Transportation
Access Roads/Routes
Reference Point (adjacent properties / land marks) and Specific Distances, or Time Frame
Land Use
Contact persons

49. SOURCES OF DATA FOR SITE LOCATION
Survey Maps
Vicinity or Location Map
Tax map
Land Title
Sketch Plan
Owner
Owner’s Agent
Internet (ie… Google Map)
Barangay/ Purok Officials
Neighbors

50. HOW TO IDENTIFY PROPERTY IN A SITE LOCATION
Technical Approach
By relocation Survey
Layman’s Approach
Direction of a
knowledgeable person
Semi-Skilled Approach
Sketching/Plotting with the use of:
Compass and Tape
Angular estimate and Pacing
Use of a GPS

51. HOW REAL PROPERTY IS DESCRIBED
Metes and Bound method = a "bounded by" description
Uses = appears in instruments such as sale contracts, deeds and other agreements relating to the property
Boundaries = uses physical features and geographical references to identify and describe the property's dimensions.
Importance = legal description is also helpful in identifying property boundaries when making alterations or improvements, so a proper description is essential in preventing or deciding boundary disputes between neighboring property owners.
Lot and Block System = With a subdivision plat or map, the plat or map is divided into smaller blocks, with individual lots demarcated within the blocks.

52. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION IN THE TITLE

53. MAP READING

54. MAP SYMBOLS

55. MAP SCALE
Map Scale = indicates the relationship between a certain distance on the map and the distance on the ground. Often located in the “legend box”
Types of Scales:
Ratio or Representative Fraction (RF)
Example: 1/100,000 or 1:100,000
Word statement
"One centimeter equals ten kilometers.“
Graphic Scale

56. LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
Map of the Philippines

57. IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS IN A MAP?
Legend, or Key = will show the user what different symbols mean
Orientation / Direction = a north arrow (pointing in the correct direction) for user to determine direction
Scale = See previous explanation
Neatline = the border of a map, to define the edge of the map area
Title = provides important clues about the cartographer's intentions and goals
Color / Color Scheme = used on maps to signify a relationship to the object or feature on the ground
Latitude and Longitude/ Projection = See previous presentation
Cartographer = The authority behind the composition of the map
Date of Production = needed for the user to determine the meaning and value of some maps since such as those relating to current affairs or weather are time sensitive.
Locator Maps = a "helper" or locator map that places the body of the map within a larger geographical context
Inset Maps = additional close-up, "zoomed-in" maps of these small areas
Index Maps = labels and other information

58. Thank You and Good Luck ! For your Real Estate Brokerage.
Appraisal, and
Consultancy Needs
Contact: Engr. Merlito Castor Catolico