1. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN HEALTH & ECONOMY Dr. TALAL ABURJAI, Ph D Professor of Medicinal Plant chemistry

2. WORLD IN 21 st CENTURY q100% increase in World’s population (12 billion by the year 2035). q50% reduction in forests cover. qLife expectancy close to 100 years in most parts of the world. qWorld resources of fossil fuel will be totally consumed. Dr. Aburjai

3. PLANT AND PEOPLE Plant have determined the very course of human civilization. The material culture of nearly every society is based more on plants than on animals. FSearch for lands of spices led to the discovery of Americas and colonial invasion of Asia and Africa. Dr. Aburjai

4. PLANT AND PEOPLE Patterns of international trade in rubber, opium and quinine have altered the fates of entire nations. Medicinal herbs, possessing aphrodisiac properties and longevity have resulted in immense biodiversity loss and continued global smuggling. Dr. Aburjai

5. PLANTS AND HUMAN HEALTH CURRENT PERSPECTIVE  Plant products are used as Foodstuffs Flavoring agents and spices Perfumes and cosmetics Pharmaceutical and biological agents Recreational substances Dr. Aburjai

6.  Over 120 compounds from 90 plant species are available as prescription drugs.  Over 80% of world’s population (5.3 billion people) relies on plant-based medicines.  Approximately $ 5 billion were spent in USA on phytoceuticals (1998). Dr. Aburjai

7. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORLD PERSPECTIVE JAccording to World Health Organization (WHO) a vast majority of people (about 80%) in the developing world relies on herbal medicines for their primary healthcare needs. JThere are 89 plant-derived drugs currently prescribed in the industrialized world. Dr. Aburjai

8. J25% of the medicines prescribed in the West contain at least one ingredients derived from medicinal plants. JThe World Health Organization (WHO) gave official recognition to herbal medicines in a resolution adopted the 30th World Health Assembly in 1977. Dr. Aburjai

9. MEDICINAL PLANT USE WORLD PERSPECTIVE  China about 40% of total medicinal consumption is attributed to herbal medicines.  Thailand- Annual sale of herbal medicine is US$ 2.5 billion.  Japan- Herbal medicines are more in demand than mainstream pharmaceutical products. Dr. Aburjai

10.  Abut 1400 herbal preparations are widely used in Member States of the European Unions.  60% of North Americans use herbs as cures for common ailments on a regular basis.  High percentage of Jordanians (~50%) use herbs as cures for common ailments on a regular basis. Dr. Aburjai

11. MEDICINAL PLANT STATISTICS ★ Inventory of Medicinal Plant compiled by WHO on the basis of literature from 91 countries, including the Classical text on Ayurvedic and Unani medicines, lists 21,000 species of medicinal plants. ★ The NAPALERT (Natural Product Alert) database of University of Illinois (USA) documents ethnomedical uses for about 9,200 species of higher plants and lichens.

12. ★ In China, 500 species of plants are used as drugs by traditional practitioners. ★ In Pakistan, estimated number of medicinal plants used in traditional therapies is 400.

13. THE STORY OF FOXGLOVES A old woman in Shrospshire (England) used to prescribe a secret cure for the treatment of dropsy and other cardiac diseases. This secret recipe was found to contain foxgloves (Digitalis purpurea). William Withering, the English physician and botanist after getting the hint from the old lady, used the herb and observed that foxglove has a power over the motion of the heart, to a degree yet unobserved in only other medicine.

14. Powdered foxgloves, and its active constituents Digoxin and, Digitoxin, are now among the most widely prescribed medicines for heart patients.

15. Digitoxin: R = H Digoxin: R = OH

16. STORY OF RAUVOLFIA SERPENTINA Small climbing shrub “Chota Chand” grows between Ganges River and foothills of Himalayas, was used as potent antidote to snakebite. In Bihar, people use the plant to treat insanity, epilepsy and insomnia.

17. In 1931, Indian Chemists reported the isolation of a number of inactive molecules from this plant. Schlittler (1949) isolated active compound reserpine, which at a very low dose of 0.1 mg/kg lowered the blood pressure by an entirely new mode of action. Reserpine was the first major drug to treat one of the most serious and common illnesses of the modern world, hypertension.

19. THE DISCOVERY OF QUININE According to a Spanish legend, a soldier who was suffering from a bout of malaria in the wilderness drank the dark-brown water in a pool into which quinine trees (Cinchona) had fallen. He then went to sleep, and when he awoke, he found that his fever had disappeared. (Plant, People, and Culture by M.J. Balick and P.A. Cox, Scientific American Library, New York, 1997).

20. During the second world war, over 600,000 US troops in Africa and the South Pacific had contracted malaria and the average mortality rate was 10% (60,000). More U.S. soldiers were dying from malaria than from Japanese bullets. Lack of Cinchona bark immediately became a serious national security issue for USA.

21. DRUGS FROM PLANTS FUTURE PERSPECTIVE  More acceptance for the phytotherapy.  Use of biotechnology and genetic engineering for the production of plant-based medicines (Cell culture, targeted biosynthesis, etc.).  Demand of plant-based medicines for age-related disease (autoimmune, and degenerative diseases).  Preventive medicines (antioxidants, vaccines, nutritional therapy, etc.) will be more important.  Many new diseases among the poorest due to microbial resistance and water shortage.

22. WORLD TRADE OF BOTANICALS 1.World Trade of Herbal Raw Material US $ 8 Billion 2.Global Consumer Sales Value Over US $ 40 billion 3.Annual Growth Rate for Botanical Europe 10% USA 20% 4.World Trade in Medicinal Plants Approx. 0.5 million tones 5.European Market of Functional Foods Over £ 900 million

23. TOP RETAILS HERBAL PRODUCTS IN EUROPE ProductSpeciesCompanyAnnual Sales US$ million Tebonin GinkoSchwabe200 Ginsana GinsengPharmaton/ Boehringer 50 Kwai GarlicLichiwer Pharma 40 Efarmol / Epogam Evening Primrose Scotia30 Source: Gruenwald and Buettel, 1996

24. LEADING SUPPLIERS OF BOTANICAL RAW MATERIAL TO THE WORLD MARKET Source: NBJ June 1998 CompanyHeadquartersGlobal Sales US$ million US Sales US$ million Martin Bauer Group Germany>25020-30 IndenaItaly>200>50 SchwelzerhallSwitzerland>20015-20 SKW TrostburgGermany>10010-15 ArkopharmaFrance>10010-15 Botanicals Int.USA>50

25. MODERN MEDICINES OF PLANT ORIGIN DrugClinical UsePlant SourceTraditional Use AjmalineHeart arrhythmia Rauvolifa sp.Insanity AtropineAnticholinergicAtropa belladonaDilate pupil of eye CodeineAnalgesic, antitussive Papaver som niferum Analgesic, sedative ColchicineAnti-tumour, gout Colchicum autumnate Gout DigoxinCardiotonicDigitalis puprpureaCardiotonic EpherdineSympathomimetcEphedra sinica Stapt. Chronic bronchitis MonocrotalineAntitumour agent Crotalaria sessilifora Skin cancer NoscapineAntitussivePapaver somniferum Analgesic, sedative

26. MAJOR DILEMMA  Modern health research focuses on increasing in the life span without improving the quality of life.  8 Million people are hospitalized each year for the ailments caused by the ingestion and side effects of prescription drugs.

27. GREED- THE NAME OF THE GAME Disease and dependence continue to be the tools by which multinational pharmaceutical corporations enslave the world’s population. By discouraging the traditional medicines by stringent laws and rumors; multinational companies ensure that their hold over World remains strong.

28. GREED- THE NAME OF THE GAME With a monopoly on health, the pharmaceutical companies will have the power to extort the last penny from ailing seniors and parents of sick children, while those who can not pay will be left to die. Who will not be willing to sell everything, if they have to save a loved one from suffering and death. Synthetic cures will not come cheap when there is no competition or alternative.

29. PARADIGM SHIFT Today, the world-wide health market is undergoing a product repolarization. People are buying fewer pharmaceutical drugs and more health foods, preventive herbs and vitamins. Good herbal products have tendency to make people sick less often.

30. NATURE’S TREASURES YET TO BE EXPLORED There are over 25,000 flowering plants in the World, less than 2 percent have been exhaustively studied for their potential pharmacological activities and bioactive chemicals constituents.

31. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE JORDAN SCENARIO  An estimated 60% of population of Jordan depends on traditional medicines.  There are around 2500 species of wild pants in Jordan  According to the studies about 485 plant species are medicinal and used in traditional medicines.

32.  Many herbal manufacturing companies in Jordan produce Arabic medicines on commercial scale. The number of herbal medicine manufacturers in non- organized sector run in to hundreds.  Importing medicinal plants are largely motivated by the competitive market prices.

33. MEDICINAL PLANTS IMPORT AND EXPORT OF JORDAN Export: US $ 0.4 Million Import:US $ 10 Million Source:2005, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation

34. BOTANICALS VALUE-ADDED PRODUCT RANGE 1. Standardized Plant Extracts. 2.Phytopharmaceuticals. 3.Nutraceuticals/Herbal Teas / Multivitamins-Minerals-Herbs. 4.Personal Care Items (Cosmetics, Soaps, Shampoos, etc.). 5.Recreational Chemicals (Fragrances, Aromatherapy, etc). 6.Functional Foods.

35. VALUE-ADDITION IN HERBAL-BASED PRODUCTS 30 + Fold Increase in Value Through the Chain Fresh Plants > Dried Plants > Tinctures > Extracts > Standardized Extracts > Phytomedicines

36. Economic Value of V.Oils Chamomile oil 2500/kg Eucalyptus oil 1000/kg Grapefruit oil 1200/kg Lavender oil 1000/kg Peppermint oil 1200/kg Rosemary oil 2300/kg Thyme oil 800/kg

37. Examples: (1) Ortica dioica Raw material / US $ 5 / kg Finished Product US $ 1,500 per kg (2)Nigella sativa Raw Material US $ 1.0 / kg Finished Product (oil) US $ 30 / kg

38. (3) Cucurbitae massimo Raw material / US $ 0.5 / kg Finished Product (Tablets) US $ 2000 per kg (3) Melissa officinalis Raw material / US $ 1.0 / kg Finished Product (Tablets) US $ 12000 per kg

39. DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF MEDICINAL PLANT PRODUCTS 1.Sustainable harvesting of medicinal plant raw material. 2.Cultivation of medicinally / economically important plants. 3.Facilities for upstream and downstream bioprospecting. 4.Large scale industrial manufacturing and marketing of authenticated value-added products for international market. 5.Government policies and right policies.

40. Salvia triloba Flavonoids (1-3%), essential oils (0.8-2.5%) such as camphor, cineole, thujones humelene, α-pinene and limonene. A source of essential oils which is used widely in Pharmaceutical Companies and in Perfume and Cosmetic industries. Anti-spasmodic, for digestive disturbance. Antioxidant properties that permit its use in drug and food preparations. Locally it is used for oral hygiene in mouth preparations Matricaria aurea Essential oils (0.3-1.5 %) include chamazulene (1- 15%), α-bisbolol and its oxides. Acidic mucilage, Coumarins and Phenolic acids. Flavonoids as apigenin 7- glucoside, luteolin glucosides and quercetin glycosides Source of Essential oils used in aromatherapy and perfume manufacturing, it has many uses in Folkloric medicine. Anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antibacterialand antifungal. Skin disorders and insect bites, eye irritation. In cosmetology used in the preparation of Shampoo, suntan lotions and soaps. Majorana syriaca Essential oils (0.7-3%) like 1- terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinol, 4- thujanols and linalool Treat acute benign bronchial disease, treatment of functional dyspepsia. Locally is used to relieve symptoms of common cold and for oral hygiene. Source of volatile oils

41. Important Jordanian Medicinal Plants

42. Artemisia sieberi Essential oils (0.3-1.3%) that includes α- and β-thujones, thujols and azulene. Flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids and lactone (absinthin) Anthelmintic, antibacterial and as antipyretic. It is used to stimulate the appetite and to relieve painful periods. The habitants used it to treat different skin problems including skin rash, aczma and psoriasis. Cassia senna Anthraquinone glycosides: Sennoides A and B. There are also small amounts of aloe- emodin and 8-rhein glucosides. Mucilage, flavonoids. Symptomatic treatment of constipation. As an expectorant, antidysenteric and for the treatment gonorrhoea. Achillea fragrantissima and Achillea falcata Volatile oils may be azulenesAnti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antibacterial. Ammi visnaga MethoxsalenFacilitate skin repigmentation (vitiligo) and treatment of psoriasis.

43. Ammi majus Coumarin derivative as visnadin, Furanochromones (2-4%) as khellin, Khellol and visnagin Antispasmodic and for thetreatment of angina pectoris Ankyropetalum gypsophiloides Not known / not studiedClaimed to be active to treat female sterility and whooping cough. Mellisa officinalis Essential oils (0.05%) as citrals, citronellal. Triterpenes, Phenolic acids. Flavonoids as quercitin and luteolin Antibacterial and anti fungal Activity, spasmolytic, CNS sedative And antiviral. In creams and ointments and mouth gargles. Trigonella foenum- graecum Volatile constituents (sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons, alkanes, lactones) Proteins, lipids and sterols Carbohydrate as cellulose and galactomannans. Antidiabetic, blood cholesterol-lowering properties. Facilitate weight gain Used externally to treat different skin disorders.

44. Foeniculum vulgare Assential oils as anethol (80%), methyl chavicol (5-10%), fenchon (2%). Furanocoumarin Industrial source of anethole, Flavour, carminative and widely used in aromatherapy. Pimpinella anisum Anethol (80-90%), estragol (1- 6%) Flavour, carminative and in aromatherapy. Ocimum basilicum Essential oils (0.7-3%) as 1- terpinen-4-ol and linalool Source of perfume, antispasmodic Lavendula officinalis Essential oils (0.8%)Antibacterial activity In perfume and cosmetic industries As insect repellent Externally used to treat skin itching and acne Urginea maritima Bufadienolides (4%) mainly Scillarenin A and Scillarenin B and Proscillaridin A. Cardiotonic and for treatment of alopecia.

45. Alhagi maurorum Alkaloids: Choline, hordenine, Flavenoids: Isorhamnetin. Ursolic acid, saponins Vitamin A and C Aphrodiasic Rheum palaestinum Not Known / not studiedAphrodiasic Antidiabetic Arum palaestinum Stilbene derivatives and other not known compounds. Antiplatelet Widely used to treat different types of cancer by the locals but no clinical data are available. Ecballium elaterium The active constituents responsible for the pharmacological activity are not well known. Treatment of Jaundice. The use of the juice of the plant for this purpose is very common even it is well known as highly toxic plant as it’s therapeutic index is very narrow.

46. Ricinus Communis Fixed oil, toxic materials as Ricin and the alkaloid Ricinine Laxative, contraceptive and in cosmetology for the preparation of creams and ointments. The locals claim that one seed prevents pregnancy for 12 months, while two seeds prevent pregnancy for 24 months. Physostigma venenosum Alkaloids: PhysostigmineCholinesterase inhibitor. Its major use is as a miotic to contract the pupil of the eye and to combat the effect of mydriatics. Treatment of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Colchicum autumnale Alkaloids: Colchicine Demecolcine Treatment of gout, anti-inflammatory. Source of colchicine.

47. Atropa belladonna Alkaloids (0.3-0 6%) As ( - ) - hyoscyamine, (-) - hyoscine Gastrointestinal tract sedative Silybum marianum Lipids (20-30%). Flavonoids as quercetin. Taxifolin. Silymarin (1.5 - 3 %). Antihepatotoxic activity. Withania somnifera Withanolides.Sedative and Hypnotic Paronychia argentea Flavonoids as isorhamnetin, quercetin and luteolin Dissolve kidney stones. Treat urinary tract infections. Control blood sugar, it is widely used as antitumour.

48. Ruta chalepensis Alkaloids as quinolin alkaloids, acridone alkaloids. Coumarins and terpenoids as limonene, α-pinene and eucalptol. Antispasmodic, sudorific, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, anthelmintic, antitussive, analgesic, abortifacient, and as flavouring agent. Hair tonic, antirheumatic, in menstrual problems and mental disorders. It is widely used as antifertility drug. Ziziphus spina- christi Alkaloids as cyclopeptide alkaloids Flavonoids as quercitin Triterpenoids, saponins Hypotensive, antitussive, liver complaints, for the treatment of arthritis and rheumatism. Externally as eye wash. Astragalus spp. Tragacanth gumPharmaceutical aids, lowering blood sugar and cholesterol.